Kepler's first law states that a planet's orbit around the sun is elliptical in shape, with the sun located at one focus point of the ellipse. Kepler's second law explains that a planet travels faster when closer to the sun due to stronger gravitational pull, and slower when farther away. Kepler's third law establishes that planets with larger orbits will have longer orbital periods than those with smaller orbits, since greater distance from the sun means slower orbital speed.