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PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS.pptx

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Balasundar P

This document provides an overview of pneumatic systems and their basic components. It defines pneumatics as the use of compressed air to power machines. The key components discussed include compressors to generate compressed air, filters and regulators to clean and control the air pressure, and actuators like cylinders that use compressed air to create motion. Various control valves are also summarized that are used to direct airflow and pressure in pneumatic circuits. Gas laws governing the behavior of compressed air are reviewed.

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Unit-III PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS MT2351 FLUID POWER SYSTEMS Prepared by: Dr. P. Balasundar, M.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Department of Mechatronics Engineering, KAMARAJ College of Engineering and Technology.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS Basic Components of Pneumatics system: Screw Compressor- Filter, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air control Valves types, Quick Exhaust valves, Pneumatic actuators. ANSI Symbols. 2
Introduction Derived from the Greek word pneuma. It means breath or air. Pneumatics is application of compressed gas (pressurized gas) to power machine or control or regulate machines. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the most usual. i.e compressed air 3/14/2024 3
Pneumatics - Definition Pneumatics may be defined as branch of engineering science which deals with the study of the behavior and application of compressed air. Pneumatics can also be defined as the branch of fluid power technology that deals with generation, transmission and control of power using pressurized air. 3/14/2024 4
Why Pneumatics ? When system required High speed Medium pressure Less accuracy of position Quick response of actuator It is preferred where fire/electric hazard are expected. Wide availability of air. Comparatively cheaper in cost than other systems. 3/14/2024 5
Properties of air Earth is surrounded by air up to a height of approximately 1600 km above the top surface of the earth Gaseous layer of air around the earth is known as atmosphere Main constituents of air by volume Nitrogen : 78% Oxygen : 21 % -Carbon dioxide & other gases : 1% Air is colourless, odourless, tasteless, and compressible and has weight. 3/14/2024 6
Types of Pressure Atmospheric pressure Since air has weight it can exert a pressure on the earths surface. The weight of the column of air on one square meter of earths surface is known as atmospheric pressure or reference pressure. Gauge pressure In pneumatic application, pressure is measured using pressure gage and pressure gauges are calibrated to indicate the pressure above that of the Atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure refers to pressure indicated by pressure gauge. Absolute pressure It refers to the true or total pressure. Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure. 3/14/2024 7 Atmospheric Pressure Vacuum Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure Complete Vacuum Measured Pressure
Gas Laws Early experiments were conducted concerning the behaviour of air and similar gases. These experiments were conducted by scientists such as Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac. The results of their experiments indicated that gases behaviours follow the law known as ideal gas laws. 3/14/2024 8
Boyles Law Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English scientist, was among the first to experiment with the pressure volume relationship of gas at constant temperature. 3/14/2024 9 Robert Boyle (162791)
Charles Law Jacques Charles (1746 to 1823),a French physicist, provided much of the foundations for modern kinetic theory of gases. Through experiments, he found that all gases expand and contract proportionally to the change in the absolute temperature, providing the pressure remains constant. 3/14/2024 10 Jacques Alexandre C辿sar Charles, 1820
Gay-Lussacs Law A third gas law may be derived as a corollary to Boyle's and Charles's laws. This law was first stated by the Frenchman Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778 to 1850). At constant pressure, the absolute pressure of an ideal gas will vary directly with the absolute temperature. 3/14/2024 11 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, 1850
Basic Components of Pneumatic Systems 3/14/2024 12
The Compressor The compressor uses the gas compression principle to produce high pressure air for pneumatic systems. There are many types of compressor. A common compressor is the piston type shown below. Reciprocating Compressor Screw Compresor 3/14/2024 13
The Receiver The receiver collects and stores the air from the compressor. 3/14/2024 14
Filter Air filter and water trap is used to prevent any solid contaminants from entering in the system. condense and remove water vapor that is present in the compressed air. 3/14/2024 15
Regulator Regulator is used to provide a constant outlet of pressure, separately from the inlet pressure or flow. Used for stabilizing the force applied to cylinders or minimizing pressure variation. 3/14/2024 16
Lubricator The compressed air is first filtered and then passed through a lubricator in order to form a mist of oil and air to provide lubrication to the mating components. 3/14/2024 17
FRL UNIT - Filter Regulator Lubricator 3/14/2024 18 FRL Combined unit FRL Simplified symbol
FRL UNIT - Filter Regulator Lubricator 3/14/2024 19
Muffler A muffler or silencer is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of pneumatic system. Mufflers are used mainly to dissipate the loud sounds created by the engine's pistons and valves. The muffler is a part of the exhaust which deadens the sound from the pneumatic systems. 3/14/2024 20
Air Dryer The compression process produces a lot of water which is forced out of the compressed air. The water must be removed using a dryer. 3/14/2024 21
Pneumatic Air Distribution System 3/14/2024 22
Pneumatic Components Pneumatic Actuators Single acting cylinder Double acting cylinder Tandem Cylinders Rod less Cylinders Telescopic Cylinders Pneumatic Air Control Valves Direction Control Valves (DCV) Pressure Control Valves (PCV) Flow Control Valves (FCV) 3/14/2024 23
Quick Exhaust Valve Quick Exhaust valves are mainly used to increase the extending speed of the piston by direct venting Quick exhaust valves are always installed in the vent side directly on the cylinder. 3/14/2024 24
FLUID SYMBOLS A family of graphic symbols has been developed to represent fluid power components and systems on schematic drawings. https://www.valmet.com/media/articles/up- and-running/reliability/FRFluidDwgs1/ https://engineeringlibrary.org/reference/hydraul ics-graphic-symbols-for-fluid-power-diagrams- navy 3/14/2024 25
Thank You 3/14/2024 26

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PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS.pptx

  • 1. Unit-III PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS MT2351 FLUID POWER SYSTEMS Prepared by: Dr. P. Balasundar, M.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Department of Mechatronics Engineering, KAMARAJ College of Engineering and Technology.
  • 2. PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL COMPONENTS Basic Components of Pneumatics system: Screw Compressor- Filter, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air control Valves types, Quick Exhaust valves, Pneumatic actuators. ANSI Symbols. 2
  • 3. Introduction Derived from the Greek word pneuma. It means breath or air. Pneumatics is application of compressed gas (pressurized gas) to power machine or control or regulate machines. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the most usual. i.e compressed air 3/14/2024 3
  • 4. Pneumatics - Definition Pneumatics may be defined as branch of engineering science which deals with the study of the behavior and application of compressed air. Pneumatics can also be defined as the branch of fluid power technology that deals with generation, transmission and control of power using pressurized air. 3/14/2024 4
  • 5. Why Pneumatics ? When system required High speed Medium pressure Less accuracy of position Quick response of actuator It is preferred where fire/electric hazard are expected. Wide availability of air. Comparatively cheaper in cost than other systems. 3/14/2024 5
  • 6. Properties of air Earth is surrounded by air up to a height of approximately 1600 km above the top surface of the earth Gaseous layer of air around the earth is known as atmosphere Main constituents of air by volume Nitrogen : 78% Oxygen : 21 % -Carbon dioxide & other gases : 1% Air is colourless, odourless, tasteless, and compressible and has weight. 3/14/2024 6
  • 7. Types of Pressure Atmospheric pressure Since air has weight it can exert a pressure on the earths surface. The weight of the column of air on one square meter of earths surface is known as atmospheric pressure or reference pressure. Gauge pressure In pneumatic application, pressure is measured using pressure gage and pressure gauges are calibrated to indicate the pressure above that of the Atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure refers to pressure indicated by pressure gauge. Absolute pressure It refers to the true or total pressure. Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure. 3/14/2024 7 Atmospheric Pressure Vacuum Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure Complete Vacuum Measured Pressure
  • 8. Gas Laws Early experiments were conducted concerning the behaviour of air and similar gases. These experiments were conducted by scientists such as Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac. The results of their experiments indicated that gases behaviours follow the law known as ideal gas laws. 3/14/2024 8
  • 9. Boyles Law Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English scientist, was among the first to experiment with the pressure volume relationship of gas at constant temperature. 3/14/2024 9 Robert Boyle (162791)
  • 10. Charles Law Jacques Charles (1746 to 1823),a French physicist, provided much of the foundations for modern kinetic theory of gases. Through experiments, he found that all gases expand and contract proportionally to the change in the absolute temperature, providing the pressure remains constant. 3/14/2024 10 Jacques Alexandre C辿sar Charles, 1820
  • 11. Gay-Lussacs Law A third gas law may be derived as a corollary to Boyle's and Charles's laws. This law was first stated by the Frenchman Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778 to 1850). At constant pressure, the absolute pressure of an ideal gas will vary directly with the absolute temperature. 3/14/2024 11 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, 1850
  • 12. Basic Components of Pneumatic Systems 3/14/2024 12
  • 13. The Compressor The compressor uses the gas compression principle to produce high pressure air for pneumatic systems. There are many types of compressor. A common compressor is the piston type shown below. Reciprocating Compressor Screw Compresor 3/14/2024 13
  • 14. The Receiver The receiver collects and stores the air from the compressor. 3/14/2024 14
  • 15. Filter Air filter and water trap is used to prevent any solid contaminants from entering in the system. condense and remove water vapor that is present in the compressed air. 3/14/2024 15
  • 16. Regulator Regulator is used to provide a constant outlet of pressure, separately from the inlet pressure or flow. Used for stabilizing the force applied to cylinders or minimizing pressure variation. 3/14/2024 16
  • 17. Lubricator The compressed air is first filtered and then passed through a lubricator in order to form a mist of oil and air to provide lubrication to the mating components. 3/14/2024 17
  • 18. FRL UNIT - Filter Regulator Lubricator 3/14/2024 18 FRL Combined unit FRL Simplified symbol
  • 19. FRL UNIT - Filter Regulator Lubricator 3/14/2024 19
  • 20. Muffler A muffler or silencer is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of pneumatic system. Mufflers are used mainly to dissipate the loud sounds created by the engine's pistons and valves. The muffler is a part of the exhaust which deadens the sound from the pneumatic systems. 3/14/2024 20
  • 21. Air Dryer The compression process produces a lot of water which is forced out of the compressed air. The water must be removed using a dryer. 3/14/2024 21
  • 22. Pneumatic Air Distribution System 3/14/2024 22
  • 23. Pneumatic Components Pneumatic Actuators Single acting cylinder Double acting cylinder Tandem Cylinders Rod less Cylinders Telescopic Cylinders Pneumatic Air Control Valves Direction Control Valves (DCV) Pressure Control Valves (PCV) Flow Control Valves (FCV) 3/14/2024 23
  • 24. Quick Exhaust Valve Quick Exhaust valves are mainly used to increase the extending speed of the piston by direct venting Quick exhaust valves are always installed in the vent side directly on the cylinder. 3/14/2024 24
  • 25. FLUID SYMBOLS A family of graphic symbols has been developed to represent fluid power components and systems on schematic drawings. https://www.valmet.com/media/articles/up- and-running/reliability/FRFluidDwgs1/ https://engineeringlibrary.org/reference/hydraul ics-graphic-symbols-for-fluid-power-diagrams- navy 3/14/2024 25