Pns 3rd meeting
Download as PPTX, PDF
0 likes250 views
The document discusses the nervous system, including the peripheral nervous system, spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and autonomic nervous system. It notes that the peripheral nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body using cranial and spinal nerves. It describes the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It also summarizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, describing their structures and neurotransmitters.
Pns 3rd meeting
- 2. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Peripheral Nervous System Includes nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. Includes Cranial and Spinal Nerves that connect brain and spinal cord, respectively, to peripheral structures such as the skin surface and the skeletal muscles.
- 3. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Spinal Nerves 31 pairs- contain dendrites of sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons. Conducts impulses between the spinal and the parts of the body not supplied by the cranial nerves.
- 4. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Dermatomes
- 5. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Cranial Nerves
- 6. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN I: OLFACTORY FUNCTION: Purely Sensory PURPOSE: Transmits sense of smell TEST: Coffee Smell ABNORMALITY: Hyperosmia Acute sense of smell Parosmia Abnormal sense of smell Anosmia Loss of sense of smell
- 7. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN II: OPTIC FUNCTION: Purely Sensory PURPOSE: Vision TEST: Ophthalmoscopy Snellen Chart Visual Field/COnfrontation ABNORMALITY: Blindnesss Papilledema or choked disc blurred optic disc during ophthalmoscopy
- 8. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN III: OCULOMOTOR FUNCTION: Mainly Motor PURPOSE: Pupil constriction Accomodation (4 eom) TEST: Pupil light reaction Eyeball movements ABNORMALITY: Tropia muscle weakness Strabismus cross-eyed
- 9. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN IV: TROCHLEAR FUNCTION: Mainly Motor PURPOSE: Innervates SOM of the eyeball, looking to the umbilicus area (turns eye down and laterally TEST: Extraocular movement ABNORMALITY: Nystagmus Rapid, involuntary irregular movement of the eyeballs Tropias weakness of EOMs
- 10. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN V: TRIGEMINAL FUNCTION: Mixed PURPOSE: Masticate (motor) Facial Sensation Corneal Reflex TEST: Assess temporal/masseter muscle strength, test the corneal reflex, and sensation of pain, temp., & touch on face ABNORMALITY: Trigeminal Neuralgia neuropathic disorder of 1 or both trigeminal nerves
- 11. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN VI: ABDUCENS FUNCTION: Mainly Motor PURPOSE: Innervates the lateral rectus muscles, to the ear direction TEST: Extraocular movement ABNORMALITY: Diplopia double vision
- 12. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN VII: FACIAL NERVE FUNCTION: Mixed PURPOSE: Facial Expression, salivation & tearing, Tasting in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue Sensation in the ear TEST: Tearing: ammonia fumes Facial Reactions Test ability to taste sweet, salty, sour & bitter substances. ABNORMALITY: Bells palsy paralysis of the muscles of facial expression and inability to binl eyelids
- 13. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN VIII: ACOUSTIC FUNCTION: Purely Sensory PURPOSE: Hearing and Balance TEST: Screen hearing Webers Test Rinnes Test ABNORMALITY: Tinnitus ringing in the ear/s Menieres disease or endolyphatic hydrops
- 14. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL FUNCTION: Mixed PURPOSE: Taste in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue; swallowing and salivation TEST: Gag Reflex Swallowing ABNORMALITY: Loss of Gag Reflex Dysphagia Difficulty of swallowing
- 15. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN X: VAGUS FUNCTION: Mixed PURPOSE: Laryngeal control, inhibits HR, stimulates peristalsis TEST: Voice HR ABNORMALITY: Dysphagia Dysphonia impairment of voice
- 16. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN XI: ACCESSORY FUNCTION: Mainly Motor PURPOSE: Movements of the head and shrugging of shoulders TEST: Shoulder strength Head Rotation ABNORMALITY: Difficulty in rotating head and raising shoulder/chin against resistance
- 17. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system The 12 Cranial Nerves CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL FUNCTION: Mainly Motor PURPOSE: Movement of the tongue TEST: Tongue deviations ABNORMALITY: Fasciculations coarse involuntary movement of the tongue
- 18. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Peripheral Nerve Disorders Neuritis damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system,which may be caused either by diseases of or trauma to the nerve or the side-effects of systemic illness.
- 19. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Peripheral Nerve Disorders Trigeminal Neuralgia Compression or degeneration of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve.
- 20. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Peripheral Nerve Disorders Bells Palsy Compression, degeneration, or infection of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve).
- 21. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Peripheral Nerve Disorders Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Viral infection caused by chickenpox virus that has invaded the dorsal root ganglion and remained dormant until stress or reduced immunity precipitate an episode of shingles.
- 22. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Review of the Major Divisions of the Nervous System
- 23. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Autonomic Nervous System It consists of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem to the following kinds of tissues: 1. Cardiac muscle tissue 2. Smooth muscle tissue 3. Glandular muscle tissue
- 24. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system 2 Subdivisions of the ANS 1. Sympathetic Nervous System 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
- 25. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Functional Anatomy of the ANS Autonomic Neurons make up the ANS. Ganglia- is a biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. 1. Preganglionic neurons conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion. 2. Postganglionic neurons conduct impulses from a ganglion to a cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular epithelial tissue.
- 26. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Autonomic Conduction Path
- 27. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system
- 28. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Sympathetic Nervous System Functions as an emergency system of the body. (Fight or Flight Response) Impulses over sympathetic fibers take control of many internal organs when we exercise strenously and when strong emotions (anger, fear, hate, anxiety) are elicited.
- 29. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Sympathetic Nervous System STRUCTURE Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons- dendrites and cell bodies in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
- 30. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Sympathetic Nervous System STRUCTURE Sympathetic Post ganglionic Neurons- dendrites and cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia.
- 31. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Autonomic Neurotransmitters
- 32. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system SNS Neurotransmitters (Postganglionic Neurons-Effectors) Norepinephrine/Epinephrine 4 Adrenergic Receptors a) Alpha1 b) Alpha2 c) Beta1 d) Beta2
- 33. Effects of Stimulation of Adrenergic Receptors
- 34. Effects of Stimulation of Adrenergic Receptors
- 35. The Anatomy & Physiology of the nervous system Sympathetic Responses
Editor's Notes
- #4: Conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements.
- #5: Adermatomeis an area ofskinthat is mainly supplied by a singlespinal nerve. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion. Symptoms that follow a dermatome (e.g. like pain or a rash) may indicate a pathology that involves the related nerve root. Examples include somatic dysfunction of the spine or viral infection.Referred painusually involves a specific, "referred" location so is not associated with a dermatome. Viruses that hibernate in nerve ganglia (e.g.Herpes zosterorVaricella Zosterviridae) often cause either pain, rash or both in a pattern defined by a dermatome. However, the symptoms may not appear across the entire dermatome.
- #9: Medial rectus, Inferior rectus, Superior rectus, Inferior Oblique
- #19: Sciatica a form of neuritis caused by a painful inflammation of the spinal nerve branch in the thigh called the sciatic nerve. Characterized by nerve pain or neuralgia.
- #20: Also called tic douloureux Characterized by recurring episodes of: Stabbing pain radiating from the angle of the jaw along a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Nerve pain of one branch occurs over the forehead and around the eyes. Pain along another branch is felt in the cheeck, nose, and upper lip. Neuralgia of the third branch results in stabbing pains in the tongue and lower lip.
- #21: Characterized by paralysis of some or all of the facial features innervated by the facial nerve, including the eyelids and mouth. Often temporary but in some cases is irreversible. Treatment: plastic surgery
- #22: Varicella Zoster Virus The virus travels through a cutaneous nerve and remains dormant in a dorsal root ganglion for years after an episode of the chickenpox. After immune system is depressed, the virus travels over the sensory nerve to the skin of a single dermatome. Resulting to: Painful eruption of red, swollen plaques or vesicles that eventually rupture and crust before clearing in 2-3 weeks. In severe cases, extensive inflammation, hemorrhagic blisters, and secondary bacterial infection may lead to permanent scarring. In most cases, the eruption of vesicles is preceded by 4-5 days of pre-eruptive pain, burning, and itching in the affected dermatome. Usually affects a single dermatome, producing characteristic painful plaques or vesicles. Photograph of a 13 y/o boy with eruptions involving dermatome T4.
- #24: The ANS consists of parts of the nervous system that regulate involuntary function. On the other hand, motor nerves that control the voluntary actions of skeletal muscles are called the Somatic Nervous System.
- #26: Dendrites and cell bodies of some autonomic neurons are locate in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem. Their axons extend from these structures and terminate in peripheral junction boxes called ganglia. Visceral/Autonomic Effectors are the tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses. Cardiac muscle Smooth Muscles of blood vessels and other hollow organs Glandular Epithelial tissues secreting part of glands
- #27: Conduction paths to visceral and somatic effectors from the CNS (spinal cord or brainstem) differ somewhat. Autonomic paths to visceral effectors consist of two-neuron relays. Impulses travel over preganglionic neurons from the spinal cord or brainstem to autonomic ganglia. There they are relayed across synapses to postganglionic neurons, which then conduct impulses from the ganglia to visceral effectors. Somatic motor neurons conduct all the way from the spinal cord or brainstem to somatic effectors with no intervening synapses.
- #29: In short, when we must cope of stress of any kind, sympathetic impulses increase to many visceral effectors and rapidly produce widespread changes within our bodies. Heart beats faster Blood vessels constrict Blood pressure increase Blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate. (supplying more blood to the muscles) Sweat glands and adrenal glands secrete more abundantly. Salivary and other digestive glands secrete more sparingly. GUT (peristalsis) become sluggish hampering digestion. All actions make us ready for strenous muscular work, or they prepare us for Fight or Flight. The group of changes induced by sympathetic control is known as the fight or flight response.
- #30: The axon of the preganglionic neuron leaves the spinal cord in the anterior (ventral) root of a spinal nerve. It next enters the spinal nerve but soon leaves it to extend to and through sympathetic ganglion and terminate in a collateral ganglion. There it synapses with several postganglionic neurons whose axons extend to terminte to visceral effectors. Notice also that branches of the preganglionic axon may ascend or descend to terminate in ganglia above and below their point of origin. All sympathetic preganglionic axons therefore synapse with many postganglionic neurons, and these frequently terminate in widely separated organs. Therefore sympathetic responsess are usually widespread, involving many organs rather than just one.
- #31: Sympathetic ganglia are located in front and at each side of the spinal column. Because short fibers extend between the sympathetic ganglia, they look a little like two chains of beads. (called sympathetic chain ganglia) Axons of sympathetic postganglionic neurons travel in spinal nerves to blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector hair muscles all over the body.
- #32: The image illustrates information regarding autonomic neurotransmitters, the chemical compounds released from the axon terminals of autonomic neurons. Notice that 3 axons on the image release acetylcholine therefore you call them as cholinergic fibers. Only one type of autonomic axon releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline) this is the postganglionic neuron. Classified as adrenergic fibers.
- #33: They act on one or more adrenergic receptors sites located on the cells of smooth muscles such as the heart, bronchiole walls, gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and ciliary muscle of the eye. There are many adrenergic receptors; the four main receptors are alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2 which mediate major responses.