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Presented by Mrs. S. Dianne Black

Types of
Poems
 Haiku—Japanese fixed-form poem
structured in 3 lines of 17 syllable;
captures a moment in time or aspect of
nature
 Sestina—French form of six six-line
stanzas followed by a tercet called an
envoy to =39 lines; set of six words is
repeated in varying patterns at the ends of
the lines of each of the six-line stanzas;
the six words also in the envoy, two in
each line of the tercet
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…types of poems
• Sonnet—14 lines of iambic pentameter;
can be Shakespearean/English (3
quatrains followed by a couplet) or
Petrarchan/Italian (octave followed by 2
tercets)
• Villanelle—fixed-form of 19 lines
composed of 5 tercets (rhyme
scheme:aba) and a concluding quatrain
(rhyme scheme:abaa); lines one & three of
the 1st tercet serve as refrains
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…continued

• Ballad—short poem in song format that
tells a story
• Elegy—subject is death of aperson
• Epic—long, adventurous tale with a hero
• Lyric—expresses love, inner emotions
tends to be personal; usually written in 1st
person
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...continued
• Narrative—the poet tells a story with
characters and a plot
• Ode—originally a Greek form, odes are
serious lyric poems; English Romantic
poets reinvigorated the form
• Prose poem—looks like a
paragraph, even having a jagged right
margin; may read like a paragraph, but
retains poetic elements such as
imagery, figurative language, and concise
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language.

Theme
Purpose of the poem
What the poet needed to say
Expresses the unity of human
experience
See that we are more alike as a human
race than different
Tells us what is true about us
Expresses the poet’s vision about the
truth of the world
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Imagery
• Sight
• Hearing
• Touch
• Smell
• Taste
Effects: transports us to another place,
time, and experience; allows us to
understand the emotions in the poem;
creates tone; allows poet to show us
meaning by taking us into the
environment of the poem
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Diction
How does a poet choose the exact word?
• Sound: how does the word sound? Does
it contribute to the meaning, to the overall
sound scheme, or does it interrupt or
interfere?
• Denotation: What is the exact meaning of
the word?
• Connotation: What is the suggested
meaning? What is the emotive quality?
Every word matters . Never skim over any word in a poem.
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8

Sound
• Rhyme • Alliteration
• Exact Rhyme • Assonance
• Slant Rhyme/Approximate • Cacophony
Rhyme • Euphony
• Internal Rhyme vs. End • Meter
Rhyme

2/9/2013 9

…sound continued
Definitions and Examples:
Rhyme: words that sound either exactly
alike or merely similar
Exact Rhyme:
Cat, hat, flat, mat: masculine rhyme (one
syllable rhymes
Falling, calling, stalling: feminine rhyme
(two or more syllables)
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…sound continued
Slant rhyme/approximate rhyme:
The words sound close but are not exact
rhymes
Mirror, steer, dear or book, crack, stick
(consonance is used most often for slant
rhymes)

2/9/2013 11

…sound continued
Assonance:
Repetition of vowel sounds; some words
using assonance will rhyme exactly; others
will simply mirror the vowel sounds
Cake, stake, break, fate, drank, ache, plac
ate, etc.

2/9/2013 12

…sound continued
Internal rhyme vs. end rhyme:
 end rhyme occurs only at the end of the
line whereas internal rhyme happens
within the lines

2/9/2013 13

…sound continued
Alliteration
Repetition of beginning sounds in close
proximity
“Susan sent sally some sunflowers,” or
“Loons lurk late in autumn lakes under
lavender skies.

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…sound continued
Cacophony
Harsh , discordant, or unpleasing sounds

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…sound continued
CONSONANCE

Repetition of consonant sounds
Exact rhymes use consonance—
foot, put, soot
But all words that repeat sounds are
using consonance—add, suit, unfit
Can occur in the middle of words—
river, liver, cadaver, waver, save rave
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…sound continued
Euphony
Pleasing, melodious, pleasant sounds

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…sound continued
Meter:
A rhythm accomplished by using a certain
number of beats or syllables per line
Iambic is the most common meter (a foot
consisting of one unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable (U /)
A foot is simply 2 syllables or in some
cases 3
Iambic Pentameter means a 5-foot iambic
line, or 10 syllables
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Final Points about Sound
Sound is not as important as the idea or
meaning of the poem.
Sound simply extends the meaning of the
poem and enhances ideas.
Sound not likely to be a significant factor in
meaning in older fixed form poems.
Sound in free verse poems are more
experimental

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Figurative Language
• Metaphors: comparison of 2 dissimilar
things to help us se something in a new or
more meaningful way
• Direct metaphor: comparison using the
word “is.” “Life is a river.”
• Indirect metaphor: “The river of life” all
compares life to a river but does so
indirectly

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…figurative lang. continued
• Personification: comparison by giving
something non-human, human characteristics
• Oxymoron: juxtaposing 2 things apparently
contradictory that till reinforce one idea—jumbo
shrimp, only choice, virtual reality
• Hyperbole: using exaggeration to extend reality; gets
us to look more closely at what is actually true by
giving us a sharp contrast.
• Understatement: opposite of hyperbole; used to say
less than is appropriate for the situation or for
meaning

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Helpful Terms
• Apostrophe • Quatrain
• Couplet • Sestet
• Epigram • Speaker
• Fixed form • Stanza
• Metonymy • Structure
• Metaphysical conceit • Synecdoche
• Mood • Tercet
• Octave • Tone
• Pun • Unity
2/9/2013 22

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