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This study analyzed the elemental composition of 37 pottery shards from the archaeological site of Dedan in Saudi Arabia using ICP-MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Four main groups of pottery were identified: Abbasid, Nabataean, Tyama, and Dedan. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis validated the distinction between these four groups based on differences in their elemental profiles. The statistical analysis helped to objectively classify the pottery shards into groups and provided additional insight to support the archaeological analysis and classification of the artifacts.
![Abstract & Introduction Results and Discussions
References
Conclusion
Methodology
Abstract: This research is a chemical analytical approach to the
characterization of 37 ancient pottery sherds from an archaeological site of
Dedan (Saudi Arabia). Inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry and
multivariate statistical analysis (SAS & SPSS) were used to determine 29
elemental properties of the pottery fragments and to identify individual
groups among the samples studied. The study findings indicated that the
existence of four major groups of the pottery fragments: Abbasid , Nabataean,
Tyama and Dedan pottery. The principal component analysis and cluster
analysis validated the existing these groups .
Introduction: The geographical position of the Arabian Peninsula, situated
between the ancient civilizations of India, Persia, the states of the eastern
Mediterranean and Egypt, contributed to the Peninsula becoming an important
center of trade and commerce, and to the emergence of several Arab states
along the trading routes of the Peninsula. Dedan ( al-Khuraybah) is one of the
famous archeological site in Al-Ula, North-west of Saudi Arabia. The town
was one of the main settlements of North-west Arabian peninsula during the
1st millennium B.C. the ancient town was located on the ancient spice road
connecting Arabia with Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia (map.1&photo.1).
The objective: A major objective of research efforts is to determine the
elemental composition of the pottery fragments from the Dedan site, using the
multivariate methods, CA and PCA, and potentially to distinguish individual
groups of samples and to verify if the chemical differences reflect the
archaeologists classification of the archeological objects .
Sample digestion for ICP-MS analysis
Samples were digested with concentrated high-purity acids as follows.
Approximately, (0.1-0.15g) samples were digested in HNO3 (69%), HCL (34%)
and HF (43%) in microwave digestion system a 12-vessel (fluoropolymer)
multi-prep router.
For our experiments, ten of the vessels were used to digest archaeological
samples, one vessel was reserved for a blank sample, and the remaining vessel
was set aside for the quality control sample (BHOV-2). The samples were cold-
digested for 20 min prior to microwave digestion. The heating programme
consisted of a 50 min ramp to 200属C where the temperature was held for 30
min at 50 bar, The cooled digests were diluted, Followed by a second, 10-fold
dilution, A diluent containing Rh as the internal standard was used to make the
second dilution.
Sample Selection
37 ancient pottery shards were obtained from archeology college, King Saud
University. These objects are approximately dated from half first millennium
B.C to 9th century A.D. according to archeological records , 15 pottery
fragments are belong to Dedan period (D1toD15), 10 belong to Nabatean
period 1st century A.D (N-1 to N-10) , 7 belong to Abbasid Caliphate period
(around 9th century A.D), (Ab-1 to Ab-8) and 3 are classified as Tayma
pottery (M1 to M3). All these pottery shards were excavated from Dedan (al-
Khuraybah) heritage site (26属39'18.3"N ,37属54'49.2"E),in 2008 and 2010 ,(
5th
&7th) excavation seasons in al-Ula , North west Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The analytical methods used in this study are inductively-coupled plasma
spectrometry (ICP-MS). ICP-MS was used to determine the chemical
composition of targeted areas of the paste (Fig.1.
Map.1Location map of (Dedan)
&photo.1 part of ancient town of
Dedan (2015)
Samples of pottery shards
29 elemental concentrations of 37 pottery samples are presented in ug/g in Table
1. reference material (USGS ,Basalt, Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory, BHVO-2)
was used to gauge the accuracy of elemental concentration data (Tabl.1).
Fig 4. 3D Bivariate plots corresponding to
the of some elements in pottery shards
Fig.2. Dendrogram using words methods of 37 pottery samples.
Table 1. Chemical results of the Dedan execration site of the pottery
shards (in ug/g).
Fig1. Steps in the chemical analysis of ancient pottery.
Fig. 3. Multivariate analysis PCA
This study demonstrates that high-precision ICP-MS element analysis is very
powerful for characterization of archaeological pottery shards .
The analysis of 37 fragments of ancient pottery from Dedan heritage site
indicated the existence of four different types of potteries. Multivariate
analysis using principle component and clustering confirmed these pottery
groups and interpreted them in plots and dendrogram.
Cluster Analysis CA
The cluster analysis employed the words method using 29 variables
(Li,Be,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Zn,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Sm,Tb,Dy,Yb,Lu,Hf
,Tl,Pb,Th&U) (Fig.2). The resulting dendrogram illustrated that the data set of
37 fragments had two main parts, one of them made up of two groups ( Abbased
& Nabataean), and the other part made up as well of two groups ( Dedan and
Tayma).
Principle components analysis
The chemical data were statistically analyzed using the PCA (principle
components analysis) method processed on the 8th version of the SAS software.
The first principal component explains 37.93% of the total sample variance.
The first two principal components, collectively, explain 57.99% of the total
sample variance . Consequently, sample variation is summarized very well by
two principal components and a reduction in the data from 37 observations on
29 variables to 37 observations on 2 principal components is reasonable .
Fig.3&4. shows the scatter plot of the four groups of pottery shards ( 1-
Abbasid , 2- Nabateaean, 3- Madian (Tayma) and 4- Dedan )
Id BHVO-2 BHVO-2 D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 D-10 D-11 D-12 D-13 D-14 D-15
Li 5 3.80賊0.77 14.91 14.63 25.03 10.24 13.36 12.28 12.71 11.92 14.73 18.32 10.61 14.17 20.84 11.98 12.61
Be - 1.3 1.84 2.82 1.98 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.87 1.75 1.92 2.02 2.3 2.38 1.34 1.55
Sc 32賊1 -8.53 -21.73 6.17 32.12 50.59 44.4 67.09 57.16 56.17 79.77 80.88 85.23 109.08 76.79 61.32
Ti 16300賊200 15600賊600 6090.91 5282.83 4934.29 6097.24 5523.25 5106.67 6243.13 5423.57 4627.38 7089.55 6122.69 5094.63 7800.99 6122.19 5143.82
V 317賊11 317賊16 154.2 107.88 146.53 140.06 172.69 113.03 176.64 127.45 100.61 147.03 186.25 146.25 217.86 208.21 116.38
Cr 280賊19 283賊17 194.61 106.93 117.39 156.87 172.45 81.53 196.02 105.6 85.04 134.89 211.42 92.2 165.48 194.11 81.76
Mn 1290賊40 1305賊26 316.48 491.16 1096.76 626.81 362.43 283.27 383.13 858.71 881.84 2182.91 439.13 534.27 1360.82 296.77 679.4
Co 45賊3 47.30賊2.01 30.8 19.54 28.22 87.85 22.36 18.02 40.37 42.22 19.51 44.95 50.98 111.51 83.6 53.64 14.2
Ni 119 賊7 122賊5.76 79.87 67.1 76.72 90.82 58.79 47.86 83.3 74.38 55.58 65.45 83.22 49.04 64.23 77.82 51.19
Zn 103賊6 97.96賊6 44.86 48.87 84.84 61.62 45.6 54.09 56.68 85.61 52.93 129.3 46.16 76.52 141.47 49.17 68.98
Ga 21.7賊0.9 22.50賊1.27 24.14 26.16 31.92 28.96 25.12 34.24 27.42 33.71 28.73 46.3 26.31 39.19 44.03 26.35 34.43
Rb 9.8賊1 9.47賊0.58 34.7 34.47 33.76 17.07 21.76 23.14 23.34 26.13 23.63 14.17 7 59.39 41.38 6 9.78
Sr 389賊23 391賊30 446.94 964.38 308.76 580.31 650.49 923.63 639.62 763.7 923.53 287.33 680.14 938.8 646 444.26 829.74
Y 26賊2 22賊3.46 13.28 24.8 20.95 15.13 12.92 29.31 19.12 25.09 27.22 9.69 9.15 36.08 24.51 7.89 20.18
Zr 172賊11 178賊10 124.68 120.05 105.57 132.36 126.33 85.28 126.74 128.43 97.85 89.39 127.01 121.79 86.82 126.03 86.98
Pd - - 10.12 4.57 3.09 3.02 2.48 1.88 2.18 2.09 1.65 1.52 1.95 1.93 1.34 1.78 1.18
Cs - 2.52 1.59 2.62 1.1 1.11 1.4 1.26 1.14 1.15 3.11 0.6 2.94 4.36 0.55 0.69
Ba 130賊13 125賊12 197.29 275.55 465.09 321.55 270.15 311.63 253.59 379.72 323.18 958.44 227.83 455.41 583.48 208.01 319.84
La 15賊1 15.74賊1.77 22.73 49.63 26.88 24.88 27.45 55.17 34.48 45.68 48.26 7.3 13.17 63.53 27.5 10.92 34.73
Ce 38賊2 37.48賊3.80 57.46 116.99 74.24 77.24 72.11 138.33 93.16 115.32 115.03 19.8 34.41 133.41 69.88 30.48 89.92
Sm 6.2賊0.4 6.06賊0.69 5.39 8.47 6.1 5.82 5.09 10.89 7.24 8.71 8.78 3.05 3.61 11.5 7.78 3.15 8.2
Tb 0.9 0.88賊0.1 1.49 1.4 0.95 0.97 0.83 1.54 1.12 1.27 1.22 0.41 0.57 1.61 1.19 0.49 1.18
Dy - 3.75+.30 4.54 6.62 5.04 4.82 4.12 7.44 5.94 6.54 6.62 2.4 3.31 8.54 6.3 2.86 5.98
Yb 2賊0.2 1.7賊.03 1.75 1.97 2.24 1.47 1.58 2.41 1.57 2.13 2.13 1.1 1.08 2.88 2.08 1.09 1.76
Lu 0.28賊0.01 0.26賊.03 0.65 0.36 0.36 0.22 0.19 0.32 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.15 0.15 0.42 0.3 0.15 0.24
Hf 4.1賊0.3 3.93賊0.3 5.31 3.06 2.87 2.96 2.91 2.42 2.81 3.14 2.43 2.23 2.98 3.1 2.24 2.97 2.26
Ta 1.4 1.48賊.1 118.57 22.05 11.05 8.54 6.6 4.61 3.84 3.86 2.81 2.15 2.92 2.67 8.84 2.56 2.18
Tl - 0.057賊0.01 0.94 0.41 0.37 0.18 0.28 0.22 0.2 0.14 0.12 0.6 0.18 0.29 0.37 0.17 0.15
Pb - - 33.06 27.76 29.74 21.33 31.77 61.93 37.26 44.68 37.27 43.46 34.33 51.4 58.56 34.84 56.29
Th 1.2賊0.3 1.06賊0.19 10.25 12.63 8.42 8.48 8.83 17.48 10.4 12.82 13 3.46 6.6 18.62 8.97 6.94 12.11
U - 0.46賊0.06 4.28 3.91 3.37 3.47 3.75 3.8 3.6 3.85 4.16 3.03 3.08 5.52 3.55 4.23 3.81
Statistical analysis of data
Two main types of multivariate statistical treatments were applied to the
elemental data: classification Technique, (PCA and CA) aiming to partition the
ancient pottery shards into groups of similar composition, and factorial
technique , of which only principle component analysis (PCA) has been used
mainly as data reduction & interpretative tool. This statistical method is
powerful to validate and clarifying archaeological hypothesis, offering an
additional tool in respect of simple visual examination and stylistic
classification.
AL-Balawi A,N , Alghamdi , A. H. , Al-Dayel,O.A , Alghamdi, S.A & Al Nachawati,H
Elemental study of pottery sherds from an archaeological site Of Dedan (North-
west Arabian peninsula) , using ICP-MS and multivariate statistical analysis)
D8D1 D2 D3 D6D4 D5 D7 D9 D12D11D10 D13
D14 D15 N-1 N-3 N-6N-4
N-2 N-8N-7 N-10 Ab-2Ab-1 Ab-4
Ab-7Ab-6Ab-5 Ab-13Ab-12Ab-11Ab-8 M-1 M-3
Photo. ncient Jar , shards & sample powder
[1] Bower, N. W., and Snow , D. H, New Mexico Geological Society, Albuquerque. . 1984,, 291295.
[2] Klein, M., Jesse, F., Kasper, H.U. & G旦lden, A, Archaeometry, 46, 2004. 339-356.
[3] Barone, G., Ioppolo, S., Majolino, D., Migliardo, P. & Tigano, G. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2002, 145-153.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/posterconference66-11-2016-190920130146/85/Poster-template-1-320.jpg)
Poster template
- 1. Abstract & Introduction Results and Discussions References Conclusion Methodology Abstract: This research is a chemical analytical approach to the characterization of 37 ancient pottery sherds from an archaeological site of Dedan (Saudi Arabia). Inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis (SAS & SPSS) were used to determine 29 elemental properties of the pottery fragments and to identify individual groups among the samples studied. The study findings indicated that the existence of four major groups of the pottery fragments: Abbasid , Nabataean, Tyama and Dedan pottery. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis validated the existing these groups . Introduction: The geographical position of the Arabian Peninsula, situated between the ancient civilizations of India, Persia, the states of the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, contributed to the Peninsula becoming an important center of trade and commerce, and to the emergence of several Arab states along the trading routes of the Peninsula. Dedan ( al-Khuraybah) is one of the famous archeological site in Al-Ula, North-west of Saudi Arabia. The town was one of the main settlements of North-west Arabian peninsula during the 1st millennium B.C. the ancient town was located on the ancient spice road connecting Arabia with Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia (map.1&photo.1). The objective: A major objective of research efforts is to determine the elemental composition of the pottery fragments from the Dedan site, using the multivariate methods, CA and PCA, and potentially to distinguish individual groups of samples and to verify if the chemical differences reflect the archaeologists classification of the archeological objects . Sample digestion for ICP-MS analysis Samples were digested with concentrated high-purity acids as follows. Approximately, (0.1-0.15g) samples were digested in HNO3 (69%), HCL (34%) and HF (43%) in microwave digestion system a 12-vessel (fluoropolymer) multi-prep router. For our experiments, ten of the vessels were used to digest archaeological samples, one vessel was reserved for a blank sample, and the remaining vessel was set aside for the quality control sample (BHOV-2). The samples were cold- digested for 20 min prior to microwave digestion. The heating programme consisted of a 50 min ramp to 200属C where the temperature was held for 30 min at 50 bar, The cooled digests were diluted, Followed by a second, 10-fold dilution, A diluent containing Rh as the internal standard was used to make the second dilution. Sample Selection 37 ancient pottery shards were obtained from archeology college, King Saud University. These objects are approximately dated from half first millennium B.C to 9th century A.D. according to archeological records , 15 pottery fragments are belong to Dedan period (D1toD15), 10 belong to Nabatean period 1st century A.D (N-1 to N-10) , 7 belong to Abbasid Caliphate period (around 9th century A.D), (Ab-1 to Ab-8) and 3 are classified as Tayma pottery (M1 to M3). All these pottery shards were excavated from Dedan (al- Khuraybah) heritage site (26属39'18.3"N ,37属54'49.2"E),in 2008 and 2010 ,( 5th &7th) excavation seasons in al-Ula , North west Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia The analytical methods used in this study are inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). ICP-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of targeted areas of the paste (Fig.1. Map.1Location map of (Dedan) &photo.1 part of ancient town of Dedan (2015) Samples of pottery shards 29 elemental concentrations of 37 pottery samples are presented in ug/g in Table 1. reference material (USGS ,Basalt, Hawaiian Volcanic Observatory, BHVO-2) was used to gauge the accuracy of elemental concentration data (Tabl.1). Fig 4. 3D Bivariate plots corresponding to the of some elements in pottery shards Fig.2. Dendrogram using words methods of 37 pottery samples. Table 1. Chemical results of the Dedan execration site of the pottery shards (in ug/g). Fig1. Steps in the chemical analysis of ancient pottery. Fig. 3. Multivariate analysis PCA This study demonstrates that high-precision ICP-MS element analysis is very powerful for characterization of archaeological pottery shards . The analysis of 37 fragments of ancient pottery from Dedan heritage site indicated the existence of four different types of potteries. Multivariate analysis using principle component and clustering confirmed these pottery groups and interpreted them in plots and dendrogram. Cluster Analysis CA The cluster analysis employed the words method using 29 variables (Li,Be,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Zn,Ga,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Cs,Ba,La,Ce,Sm,Tb,Dy,Yb,Lu,Hf ,Tl,Pb,Th&U) (Fig.2). The resulting dendrogram illustrated that the data set of 37 fragments had two main parts, one of them made up of two groups ( Abbased & Nabataean), and the other part made up as well of two groups ( Dedan and Tayma). Principle components analysis The chemical data were statistically analyzed using the PCA (principle components analysis) method processed on the 8th version of the SAS software. The first principal component explains 37.93% of the total sample variance. The first two principal components, collectively, explain 57.99% of the total sample variance . Consequently, sample variation is summarized very well by two principal components and a reduction in the data from 37 observations on 29 variables to 37 observations on 2 principal components is reasonable . Fig.3&4. shows the scatter plot of the four groups of pottery shards ( 1- Abbasid , 2- Nabateaean, 3- Madian (Tayma) and 4- Dedan ) Id BHVO-2 BHVO-2 D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 D-10 D-11 D-12 D-13 D-14 D-15 Li 5 3.80賊0.77 14.91 14.63 25.03 10.24 13.36 12.28 12.71 11.92 14.73 18.32 10.61 14.17 20.84 11.98 12.61 Be - 1.3 1.84 2.82 1.98 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.87 1.75 1.92 2.02 2.3 2.38 1.34 1.55 Sc 32賊1 -8.53 -21.73 6.17 32.12 50.59 44.4 67.09 57.16 56.17 79.77 80.88 85.23 109.08 76.79 61.32 Ti 16300賊200 15600賊600 6090.91 5282.83 4934.29 6097.24 5523.25 5106.67 6243.13 5423.57 4627.38 7089.55 6122.69 5094.63 7800.99 6122.19 5143.82 V 317賊11 317賊16 154.2 107.88 146.53 140.06 172.69 113.03 176.64 127.45 100.61 147.03 186.25 146.25 217.86 208.21 116.38 Cr 280賊19 283賊17 194.61 106.93 117.39 156.87 172.45 81.53 196.02 105.6 85.04 134.89 211.42 92.2 165.48 194.11 81.76 Mn 1290賊40 1305賊26 316.48 491.16 1096.76 626.81 362.43 283.27 383.13 858.71 881.84 2182.91 439.13 534.27 1360.82 296.77 679.4 Co 45賊3 47.30賊2.01 30.8 19.54 28.22 87.85 22.36 18.02 40.37 42.22 19.51 44.95 50.98 111.51 83.6 53.64 14.2 Ni 119 賊7 122賊5.76 79.87 67.1 76.72 90.82 58.79 47.86 83.3 74.38 55.58 65.45 83.22 49.04 64.23 77.82 51.19 Zn 103賊6 97.96賊6 44.86 48.87 84.84 61.62 45.6 54.09 56.68 85.61 52.93 129.3 46.16 76.52 141.47 49.17 68.98 Ga 21.7賊0.9 22.50賊1.27 24.14 26.16 31.92 28.96 25.12 34.24 27.42 33.71 28.73 46.3 26.31 39.19 44.03 26.35 34.43 Rb 9.8賊1 9.47賊0.58 34.7 34.47 33.76 17.07 21.76 23.14 23.34 26.13 23.63 14.17 7 59.39 41.38 6 9.78 Sr 389賊23 391賊30 446.94 964.38 308.76 580.31 650.49 923.63 639.62 763.7 923.53 287.33 680.14 938.8 646 444.26 829.74 Y 26賊2 22賊3.46 13.28 24.8 20.95 15.13 12.92 29.31 19.12 25.09 27.22 9.69 9.15 36.08 24.51 7.89 20.18 Zr 172賊11 178賊10 124.68 120.05 105.57 132.36 126.33 85.28 126.74 128.43 97.85 89.39 127.01 121.79 86.82 126.03 86.98 Pd - - 10.12 4.57 3.09 3.02 2.48 1.88 2.18 2.09 1.65 1.52 1.95 1.93 1.34 1.78 1.18 Cs - 2.52 1.59 2.62 1.1 1.11 1.4 1.26 1.14 1.15 3.11 0.6 2.94 4.36 0.55 0.69 Ba 130賊13 125賊12 197.29 275.55 465.09 321.55 270.15 311.63 253.59 379.72 323.18 958.44 227.83 455.41 583.48 208.01 319.84 La 15賊1 15.74賊1.77 22.73 49.63 26.88 24.88 27.45 55.17 34.48 45.68 48.26 7.3 13.17 63.53 27.5 10.92 34.73 Ce 38賊2 37.48賊3.80 57.46 116.99 74.24 77.24 72.11 138.33 93.16 115.32 115.03 19.8 34.41 133.41 69.88 30.48 89.92 Sm 6.2賊0.4 6.06賊0.69 5.39 8.47 6.1 5.82 5.09 10.89 7.24 8.71 8.78 3.05 3.61 11.5 7.78 3.15 8.2 Tb 0.9 0.88賊0.1 1.49 1.4 0.95 0.97 0.83 1.54 1.12 1.27 1.22 0.41 0.57 1.61 1.19 0.49 1.18 Dy - 3.75+.30 4.54 6.62 5.04 4.82 4.12 7.44 5.94 6.54 6.62 2.4 3.31 8.54 6.3 2.86 5.98 Yb 2賊0.2 1.7賊.03 1.75 1.97 2.24 1.47 1.58 2.41 1.57 2.13 2.13 1.1 1.08 2.88 2.08 1.09 1.76 Lu 0.28賊0.01 0.26賊.03 0.65 0.36 0.36 0.22 0.19 0.32 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.15 0.15 0.42 0.3 0.15 0.24 Hf 4.1賊0.3 3.93賊0.3 5.31 3.06 2.87 2.96 2.91 2.42 2.81 3.14 2.43 2.23 2.98 3.1 2.24 2.97 2.26 Ta 1.4 1.48賊.1 118.57 22.05 11.05 8.54 6.6 4.61 3.84 3.86 2.81 2.15 2.92 2.67 8.84 2.56 2.18 Tl - 0.057賊0.01 0.94 0.41 0.37 0.18 0.28 0.22 0.2 0.14 0.12 0.6 0.18 0.29 0.37 0.17 0.15 Pb - - 33.06 27.76 29.74 21.33 31.77 61.93 37.26 44.68 37.27 43.46 34.33 51.4 58.56 34.84 56.29 Th 1.2賊0.3 1.06賊0.19 10.25 12.63 8.42 8.48 8.83 17.48 10.4 12.82 13 3.46 6.6 18.62 8.97 6.94 12.11 U - 0.46賊0.06 4.28 3.91 3.37 3.47 3.75 3.8 3.6 3.85 4.16 3.03 3.08 5.52 3.55 4.23 3.81 Statistical analysis of data Two main types of multivariate statistical treatments were applied to the elemental data: classification Technique, (PCA and CA) aiming to partition the ancient pottery shards into groups of similar composition, and factorial technique , of which only principle component analysis (PCA) has been used mainly as data reduction & interpretative tool. This statistical method is powerful to validate and clarifying archaeological hypothesis, offering an additional tool in respect of simple visual examination and stylistic classification. AL-Balawi A,N , Alghamdi , A. H. , Al-Dayel,O.A , Alghamdi, S.A & Al Nachawati,H Elemental study of pottery sherds from an archaeological site Of Dedan (North- west Arabian peninsula) , using ICP-MS and multivariate statistical analysis) D8D1 D2 D3 D6D4 D5 D7 D9 D12D11D10 D13 D14 D15 N-1 N-3 N-6N-4 N-2 N-8N-7 N-10 Ab-2Ab-1 Ab-4 Ab-7Ab-6Ab-5 Ab-13Ab-12Ab-11Ab-8 M-1 M-3 Photo. ncient Jar , shards & sample powder [1] Bower, N. W., and Snow , D. H, New Mexico Geological Society, Albuquerque. . 1984,, 291295. [2] Klein, M., Jesse, F., Kasper, H.U. & G旦lden, A, Archaeometry, 46, 2004. 339-356. [3] Barone, G., Ioppolo, S., Majolino, D., Migliardo, P. & Tigano, G. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2002, 145-153.