Posterior cord syndrome

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Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH), also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), is a condition where the femoral head is displaced from the acetabulum. It can occur before, during or after birth. Girls are more commonly affected than boys. Causes may include hereditary joint laxity, breech birth position, or defective acetabulum development. Treatment involves splinting or bracing in infants to encourage reduction, and may require surgery in older children if reduction does not occur. Physiotherapy focuses on maintaining reduction, improving range of motion and strengthening muscles.

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Tabes dorsalis is a progressive degeneration of nerve cells and fibers in the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain, caused by untreated syphilis. It is characterized by sensory deficits, loss of coordination, and diminished reflexes. The disease progresses through preataxic, ataxic, and paralysis stages. Clinical features include loss of sensation, Argyll Robertson pupils, dementia, hypotonicity, loss of coordination, and trophic ulcers. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, pain medications, exercises, and splinting to manage symptoms.

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This document provides information on ataxia, including its definition as a neurological disorder involving lack of voluntary muscle coordination. It describes the main types of ataxia and several specific hereditary forms. Key points include Friedreich's ataxia being the most common hereditary form, typically beginning in childhood. Imaging tests and lab work can help evaluate for various causes, while genetic testing can confirm hereditary types. Overall the document outlines the classification, causes, clinical features and investigative approach for ataxia.

Tabes Dorsalis and PhysiotherapyMuthuukaruppan

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This document summarizes tabes dorsalis, a condition caused by untreated syphilis infection that results in demyelination of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. It affects males more than females and symptoms onset typically in mid-life. Symptoms include weakness, diminished reflexes, pains, impaired sensation, coordination and gait issues. Diagnosis involves CSF and imaging tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics while physiotherapy aims to improve strength, balance, mobility and coordination through exercises like Frenkel's exercise which focuses on precision and repetition to compensate for lost sensory function.

Chest wall deformitiesdegnarog

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This document summarizes several types of chest wall deformities. It describes pectus excavatum, or funnel chest, which is characterized by a depression of the sternum. It affects about 1 in 400 births and is more common in boys. Pectus carinatum, or pigeon chest, involves a protrusion of the sternum. The document also discusses Poland's syndrome, cleft sternum, ectopia cordis (where the heart is located outside the chest), and thoracic deformities seen in diffuse skeletal disorders like Jeune's syndrome and Jarcho-Levin syndrome. It provides details on symptoms, causes, evaluation, and surgical repair options for each condition.

Spondylolisthesis Dibyendunarayan Bid

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Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra over another and most commonly occurs between L4-L5 or L5-S1. It can be caused by developmental abnormalities, stress fractures of the pars interarticularis, degeneration of the disc and facets, trauma or tumors. Symptoms include lower back pain and sciatica. Conservative treatment involves rest and bracing while surgery is indicated for progressive, high grade or neurologically compressive slips. Surgical options include fusion with or without instrumentation to reduce the slip and decompress the nerves.

MyopathiesChandan N

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This document discusses various types of myopathies (disorders affecting muscle). It defines myopathies and distinguishes them from other causes of muscle weakness. It then describes different categories of myopathies including inflammatory myopathies (such as polymyositis and dermatomyositis), muscular dystrophies (such as Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral), congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies, and others. For each type, it discusses inheritance, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment when available.

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Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, affecting various body parts and causing symptoms like pain, tremors, and spasms. While its specific causes are unclear, it may be linked to damage in the basal ganglia of the brain, and treatments include medications such as levo dopa, benzhexol, and botox, as well as deep brain stimulation. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical exams, and tests like MRI, CT scans, and electromyography to rule out other conditions.

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This document discusses arachnoiditis, an inflammatory disease of the arachnoid membrane surrounding the spinal cord. It develops in three stages: initial nerve inflammation, scar tissue formation causing nerve adhesion, and complete nerve root encapsulation. Causes include trauma from surgery, chemical exposure, and infection. Symptoms include pain, paresthesia, sensory loss, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves MRI or CT myelography. Treatment includes corticosteroids, NSAIDs, rhizotomy for pain, and decompression surgery to remove cysts. Physical therapy techniques like exercises, heat, TENS, and neural mobilization can help manage symptoms.

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This document discusses carpal tunnel syndrome, which is caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel of the wrist. It can cause numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand. The presentation outlines the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome, which include wrist splints, oral anti-inflammatory medications, local steroid injections, and carpal tunnel release surgery if conservative measures fail. The document provides details on physical exam findings and special tests like Tinel's and Phalen's maneuvers used to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist. It causes tingling, numbness, and pain in the lateral 3.5 fingers. Diagnosis involves physical tests like Phalen's and Tinel's sign as well as electrodiagnostic tests. Treatment starts with splinting, injections, and oral anti-inflammatories. Surgery involves cutting the transverse carpal ligament if more conservative measures fail after 6 months. Complications are rare but include injury to nearby nerves or structures.

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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) involves neurovascular symptoms in the upper limb due to compression of nerves and blood vessels, primarily affecting the brachial plexus and occasionally the subclavian artery or vein. TOS can be classified into neurological, venous, and arterial types, with various anatomical spaces in the thoracic outlet identified as common sites of compression. Diagnosis often involves specific tests to assess symptoms, and treatment may range from conservative management to surgical intervention, depending on severity and persistence of symptoms.

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Kyphoscoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs in both the coronal and sagittal planes, causing the spine to twist sideways and forward/backward. It can develop due to prolonged poor posture, tuberculosis, bone diseases, or degenerative conditions like osteoporosis. Symptoms include a hunched back, uneven shoulders, leg length differences, and back pain. Treatment options include bracing, pain management, physical therapy, and spinal fusion surgery.

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Still's disease is a rare systemic inflammatory condition characterized by a triad of high fevers, joint pain, and a salmon-colored rash, with its causes remaining largely unknown. The diagnosis is based on clinical features and specific criteria, with treatment focusing on anti-inflammatory medications and biologics targeting interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. It is related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis and can significantly impact patients' quality of life.

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Syringomyelia is a condition where a cyst, called a syrinx, develops in the spinal cord. It most commonly affects the lower cervical spine. It is often associated with abnormalities of the skull or spinal column. The majority of cases are linked to Chiari malformation type 1, where the cerebellar tonsils are displaced into the spinal canal. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the syrinx but can include pain, loss of sensation, muscle weakness or atrophy, and autonomic dysfunction. Diagnosis is made using imaging like MRI. Treatment involves surgery to decompress pressure on the spinal cord like laminectomy with the goal of resolving the syrinx.

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The document provides a detailed overview of the cerebellum's anatomy, including its lobes, blood supply, and functional divisions. It discusses various types of ataxia associated with cerebellar lesions, their clinical features, and related conditions such as Friedreich ataxia and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Additionally, it describes classifications of ataxia based on the loss of proprioceptive sensations, vestibular lesions, and other related disorders.

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This document discusses cerebellar ataxia, which is a lack of muscle coordination caused by dysfunction of the cerebellum. It classifies ataxia into hereditary, non-hereditary degenerative, and acquired types. Hereditary ataxia includes autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked forms. Common symptoms are gait instability, limb incoordination, slurred speech, and eye movement abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing for genetic mutations, imaging the brain, and checking for metabolic deficiencies. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms and improve coordination through medications, physical therapy, and assistive devices.

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Genu varum, also known as bow legs, is a physical deformity where the legs curve outward from the thighs. It can occur in children due to normal development or due to conditions like Blount's disease or rickets that affect bone growth. In children, genu varum is often monitored and may resolve on its own, while more severe cases or those caused by underlying diseases may require bracing or surgery to correct alignment and prevent long-term issues. Surgical options aim to stop abnormal bone growth or reshape the shinbone to straighten the legs.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als)Jessica González

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ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that causes the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord to progressively degenerate. This leads to muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body. While the causes are largely unknown, about 5-10% of ALS cases are inherited. The disease usually starts in the limbs and causes symptoms like muscle cramps, weakness, and atrophy. Over time, it spreads and also affects muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Currently, there is no cure for ALS and the goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and prolong life using medications, respiratory support, and multidisciplinary care.

Compressive MyelopathyStanley Medical College, Department of Medicine

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1) The document discusses various causes of compressive myelopathy including spondylosis, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and tuberculosis. It describes the clinical features and treatments for different levels of involvement in the cervical and lumbar spine. 2) Imaging techniques like MRI, CT myelogram, and X-rays are used to identify compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots from conditions like herniations, osteophytes, and tuberculosis lesions. 3) Surgical intervention may be indicated for moderate to severe myelopathy, progressive neurological deficits, or failure of conservative treatment. The goal is to decompress the spinal cord and relieve compression.

ToneSuvarna JaipurkarGanvir

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Syndromes Of Spinal CordStanley Medical College, Department of Medicine

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The document discusses various syndromes of the spinal cord including complete and incomplete cord syndromes. It describes Brown-Sequard syndrome, central cord syndrome, anterior cord syndrome, posterior cord syndrome, and conus medullaris syndrome. Complete cord transection results in paralysis, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. Incomplete syndromes can cause varying degrees of motor weakness, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction depending on the areas of the spinal cord affected. Specific vascular, inflammatory, and traumatic causes are discussed for each syndrome.

Klippel feil syndromeMD Rahman

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Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital condition where two or more cervical vertebrae are fused. It is caused by mutations in genes GDF6 and GDF3 which regulate bone growth. People with Klippel-Feil syndrome have a short neck, limited neck movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRIs showing fused vertebrae. Treatment focuses on pain management through medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct spinal abnormalities.

Friedreich's AtaxiaPRANAV TVK

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Friedreich's ataxia is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive damage to the nervous system, leading to gait disturbances, speech issues, and potential heart disease and diabetes, with an incidence of 1 in 50,000. The condition is caused by mutations in the fxn gene, resulting in reduced production of the protein frataxin, essential for mitochondrial function, while the length of a specific GAA trinucleotide repeat in the gene correlates with symptom onset and severity. Diagnosis often involves physical examinations, reflex tests, and genetic testing, with treatment requiring a multidisciplinary approach including medications, physiotherapy, and management of complications.

Painful shoulder arcDr. Monsur Rahman

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Shoulder impingement syndrome occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space under the coraco-acromial arch. It results in pain, weakness, and loss of movement, especially in an arc between 45-160 degrees of shoulder abduction and elevation. Causes include repeated overhead arm use, trauma, poor posture, and degenerative changes. Clinical features are pain at rest or with movement, and limited range of motion. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRI, while special tests like Neer's and Hawkins' tests reproduce shoulder pain. Treatment consists of rest, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy including stretching,

Functional neuroanatomy of spinal cordNeurologyKota

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The document provides information on the functional neuroanatomy of the spinal cord. It discusses the development, gross anatomy, cross-sectional anatomy, tracts (ascending and descending), blood supply, and lesions of the spinal cord. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the cranial border of C1 to L1-L2 in adults and has a cervical and lumbar enlargement. It consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and has gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. Major ascending tracts include the posterior column and spinothalamic tracts, while major descending tracts are the corticospinal, rubrospinal, and reticulospinal tracts. Complete transverse spinal cord injury

Spinal Cord Syndromes-An OverveiwSuneth Weerarathna

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1. The document discusses various spinal cord syndromes including complete cord transection syndrome, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central cord syndrome, posterior column syndrome, posterolateral cord syndrome, combined anterior horn cell-pyramidal tract syndrome, anterior horn cell syndrome, and anterior spinal artery occlusion syndrome. 2. It describes the key features of each syndrome such as the patterns of sensory and motor deficits and common causes. 3. Examples of features mentioned include flaccid paralysis, loss of all sensory modalities, and autonomic disturbances for complete cord transection syndrome and unilateral motor and sensory deficits for Brown-Sequard syndrome.

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