Power and Electrical Safety in Hospitals
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This document discusses electrical safety in hospitals. It covers various electrical hazards like electric shocks and equipment failures. It discusses physiological effects of electricity on patients and how electrical safety depends on factors like frequency, skin resistance, and leakage current. The document also covers protective circuits and standards like ground fault interrupters. It describes classifications for medical devices and hospital areas based on electrical risk. Power distribution systems in hospitals are also discussed along with references.
![Energy in hospitalsLighting and HVAC take up largest share of hospital energy billsThe energy requirement s in hospitals are sensitive and 24-7[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-3-320.jpg)
![Electrical HazardsIgnition or Explosion of flammablesElectric shocks due to ground breakingBreakdown of electrical equipmentPatient safety[4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-4-320.jpg)
![Microshock and MacroshockMacroshock Hazards When the point of contact is on/inside/near the heartMicroshock HazardsWhen the point of contact is away from the heart[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-5-320.jpg)
![Electrical Susceptible patientsInsertion of a pacemaker catheter electrode from an externally worn pacemaker.Use of a fluid-filled catheterInsertion of an electrode into one of the cardiac chambers for intracardiac ECG measurement.[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-6-320.jpg)
![InjuryPhysiological effects of electricity Threshold or estimated mean values are given for each effect in a 70 kg human for a 1 to 3 s exposure to 60 Hz current applied via copper wires grasped by the hands.Medical Instrumentation:Application and design, Webster[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-10-320.jpg)
![Leakage currentCapacitive coupling exists between the chasis and power line[4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-11-320.jpg)
![Patient Isolator designPatient in ICU/CCU have been designed to be Electrically IsolatedNo conductive path is present between isolated and other sections of the instrument[5]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-12-320.jpg)
![Ground Fault InterupterNormal conditions INeutral=IhotIf the difference becomes more than a fixed value (5mA)The fault interrupter goes off[3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-13-320.jpg)
![Protective ckts[3],[5]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-14-320.jpg)
![Medical device classificaltionEquipment Function and RiskRisk based classificationClass IClass IIClass III[6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-15-320.jpg)
![Class 3Classification by safety arrangementsType HType BType C[6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powerdistributioninhospitals-12853229482825-phpapp02/85/Power-and-Electrical-Safety-in-Hospitals-18-320.jpg)
Power and Electrical Safety in Hospitals
- 1. EE 507 Advanced Topics in Biomedical SystemsElectrical safety in Hospitals(P5)By SuhasDeshpande
- 2. OverviewEnergyElectrical HazardsMacroshock and MicroshockElectrical Susceptible PatientPhysiological effect of ElectricityLeakage currentPatient Isolator designGround Fault InterupterOther Protective CktsMedical device ClassificationArea classificationPower distribution
- 3. Energy in hospitalsLighting and HVAC take up largest share of hospital energy billsThe energy requirement s in hospitals are sensitive and 24-7[3]
- 4. Electrical HazardsIgnition or Explosion of flammablesElectric shocks due to ground breakingBreakdown of electrical equipmentPatient safety[4]
- 5. Microshock and MacroshockMacroshock Hazards When the point of contact is on/inside/near the heartMicroshock HazardsWhen the point of contact is away from the heart[3]
- 6. Electrical Susceptible patientsInsertion of a pacemaker catheter electrode from an externally worn pacemaker.Use of a fluid-filled catheterInsertion of an electrode into one of the cardiac chambers for intracardiac ECG measurement.[3]
- 7. Physiological effects of electricityFrequency
- 10. InjuryPhysiological effects of electricity Threshold or estimated mean values are given for each effect in a 70 kg human for a 1 to 3 s exposure to 60 Hz current applied via copper wires grasped by the hands.Medical Instrumentation:Application and design, Webster[3]
- 11. Leakage currentCapacitive coupling exists between the chasis and power line[4]
- 12. Patient Isolator designPatient in ICU/CCU have been designed to be Electrically IsolatedNo conductive path is present between isolated and other sections of the instrument[5]
- 13. Ground Fault InterupterNormal conditions INeutral=IhotIf the difference becomes more than a fixed value (5mA)The fault interrupter goes off[3]
- 15. Medical device classificaltionEquipment Function and RiskRisk based classificationClass IClass IIClass III[6]
- 16. Medical device classificationClassification by InsulationClass 1
- 17. Class 2
- 18. Class 3Classification by safety arrangementsType HType BType C[6]
- 19. Medical device classificationBased on contact with patientClass CClass S Class G[6]
- 20. Area classificationCardiac Protected AreaThe equipment has direct contact with HeartBody Protected AreaThe equipment lowers the natural resistance of skin[2]
- 21. Area Grouping in HospitalsGroup 0: An allocation to this group implies that these rooms are of considerable importance to the course of medical processes.Group 1: includes all rooms and areas in which patients whose condition and type of medical treatment places substantial demands on the electrical installation are cared for. An unexpected interruption to the power supply does not expose the patient to immediate danger and a repetition of the examination is possible at any time.Group 2: In these rooms diagnoses and therapy are performed on the patient where the type of medical treatment may directly or indirectly be dangerous for the patient[1]
- 23. References1)http://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_INT/cs_healthcare_cons_FBAs/files/brochures/Innovative_Power_Distribution_for_Hospitals_May_2009.pdf2) http://www.rch.org.au/bme_rch/safety.cfm?doc_id=46983)F. Weibell, "ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THE HOSPITAL - 1974." Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 2, pp. 126-148, 1974. 4)J. A. Hopps, Electrical hazards in hospitals Medical and Biological Engineering and Computin., vol. 9, pp. 549-556, 1971 5) G. FRIEDLANDER, "Electricity in hospitals. Elimination of lethal hazards," IEEE Spectrum, vol. 8, pp. 40-51, 1971. 6) M. R. Ortiz-Posadas, "Electrical safety priority index for medical equipment," Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, pp. 6614-6617, 2006.