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This document discusses electricity generation and energy conversion. It explains that electricity is generated by converting other energy sources, like heat, wind, or sunlight, into electrical energy using devices like generators. Common energy conversion methods are using turbines powered by heat, water, wind, or tides connected to generators. Generators produce alternating current (AC) electricity, while batteries and solar panels produce direct current (DC). The document also notes that most US electricity currently comes from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, but renewable sources are growing.

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Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity
Topics What is electricity? Energy Conversion The Faraday Effect Motor vs. Generator AC/DC Energy Trends - the case for Green
What is Electricity? Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons **We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into electrical energy** Conversion is the name of the game
Energy Conversion Options for Electricity Non-Thermal Paths Source to Electrical Source Converter Sun Photovoltaic (photon to electron) Chemical Fuel Cell Source to Potential/Kinetic to Mechanical to Electrical Source Converter Kinetic to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Dam Penstocks Turbine (water) Generator Tides Machine Turbine (air or water) Generator Wind N/A Turbine (air) Generator
Energy Conversion Options for Electricity Thermal Paths Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Heat to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Geothermal Turbine (vapor) Generator OTEC Turbine (vapor) Generator Stored Energy to Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Reactor Heat to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Fuel Combustor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator U, Pu Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator Sun Collector* Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator H, H2, H3Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator * More a modifier or concentrator than a reactor
Faraday Effect Faraday Effect Basic Concepts Voltage V Potential to Move Charge (volts) Current I Charge Movement (amperes or amps) Resistance R V = IxR (R in =ohms) Power P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
Electric Motor Electrical Energy M Mechanical Energy DC Motor
Model Electric Motor Beakman Motor What do you need? 1. Electric Energy 2. Coil 3. Magnetic Field
Electric Generator Mechanical Energy G Electrical Energy Stationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnets
AC/DC (not the band) Alternating Current Large-scale generators produce AC Follows sine wave with n cycles per second 1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability Direct Current Batteries, Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators Charge in ONE direction Negative, Positive terminals Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC
Generator Phases 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 PhaseSmooth Power Force Driving Motor (Red) 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 220 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 110 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 155.563 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase Polyphase Systems 3 phases for smoother torque delivery
Where do we get our Electricity? Fossil Coal, Natural Gas, Oil 550 Gigawatts (GW) Nuclear 200 GW Hydro 75 GW Geothermal 2.3 GW Other Renewable Wind, Solar, OTEC 13.6 GW
9 8 7 TOE/person-year *TOE - Tons of Oil Equivalent (~40 Million Btus) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Energy Usage Per Capita (1999) USA Canada Norway Russia Japan U.K. Mexico China India Africa Bangladesh
Oil Resources Have Oil Use Oil Saudi Arabia 26% Iraq 11% Kuwait 10% Iran 9% UAE 8% Venezuela 6% Russia 5% Libya 3% Mexico 3% China 3% Nigeria 2% U.S. 2% U.S. 26% Japan 7% China 6% Germany 4% Canada 4% Russia 3% Brazil 3% S. Korea 3% France 3% India 3% Mexico 3% Italy 2% The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highest consuming nations combined.
U.S. Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Solar Wind Geothermal o Temperature <90C Temperature >o 90C Geopressured resources 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 20 18 20 22 26 24 22 24 26 14 16 14 16 14 12 10 10 12 <10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 >28 6.0-6.5 m/s 13.4-14.6 mph 6.5-70 m/s 14.6-15.7 mph >7.0 m/s 15.7+ mph Megajoules/m 2 Biomass Agricultural resources & residues Wood resources & residues Agricultural & wood residues Low inventory
Barriers to Change US energy infrastructure is large and deeply entrenched 400,000+ miles of gas and oil pipelines 160,000+ of high voltage transmission lines 176,000 gasoline stations 1000s of oil and gas wells drilled annually in the US and Canada
Barriers to Change oil and gas are readily available as a world commodity at low cost -- equivalent to $ 4 to 5 / million Btu US coal is even more abundant and cheaper approximately $1/million Btu US electricity prices remain low relative to other commodities The average American family spends only 3 to 4% of their income on energy!!

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  • 1. Generators, Motors and How We Get Electricity
  • 2. Topics What is electricity? Energy Conversion The Faraday Effect Motor vs. Generator AC/DC Energy Trends - the case for Green
  • 3. What is Electricity? Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons **We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into electrical energy** Conversion is the name of the game
  • 4. Energy Conversion Options for Electricity Non-Thermal Paths Source to Electrical Source Converter Sun Photovoltaic (photon to electron) Chemical Fuel Cell Source to Potential/Kinetic to Mechanical to Electrical Source Converter Kinetic to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Dam Penstocks Turbine (water) Generator Tides Machine Turbine (air or water) Generator Wind N/A Turbine (air) Generator
  • 5. Energy Conversion Options for Electricity Thermal Paths Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Heat to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Geothermal Turbine (vapor) Generator OTEC Turbine (vapor) Generator Stored Energy to Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Reactor Heat to Mechanical Mech to Electrical Fuel Combustor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator U, Pu Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator Sun Collector* Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator H, H2, H3Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator * More a modifier or concentrator than a reactor
  • 6. Faraday Effect Faraday Effect Basic Concepts Voltage V Potential to Move Charge (volts) Current I Charge Movement (amperes or amps) Resistance R V = IxR (R in =ohms) Power P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
  • 7. Electric Motor Electrical Energy M Mechanical Energy DC Motor
  • 8. Model Electric Motor Beakman Motor What do you need? 1. Electric Energy 2. Coil 3. Magnetic Field
  • 9. Electric Generator Mechanical Energy G Electrical Energy Stationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnets
  • 10. AC/DC (not the band) Alternating Current Large-scale generators produce AC Follows sine wave with n cycles per second 1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability Direct Current Batteries, Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators Charge in ONE direction Negative, Positive terminals Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC
  • 11. Generator Phases 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 PhaseSmooth Power Force Driving Motor (Red) 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 220 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 110 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 155.563 V(t) V 1(t) V 2(t) V 3(t) - 110 0 t 0.033 Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase Polyphase Systems 3 phases for smoother torque delivery
  • 12. Where do we get our Electricity? Fossil Coal, Natural Gas, Oil 550 Gigawatts (GW) Nuclear 200 GW Hydro 75 GW Geothermal 2.3 GW Other Renewable Wind, Solar, OTEC 13.6 GW
  • 13. 9 8 7 TOE/person-year *TOE - Tons of Oil Equivalent (~40 Million Btus) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Energy Usage Per Capita (1999) USA Canada Norway Russia Japan U.K. Mexico China India Africa Bangladesh
  • 14. Oil Resources Have Oil Use Oil Saudi Arabia 26% Iraq 11% Kuwait 10% Iran 9% UAE 8% Venezuela 6% Russia 5% Libya 3% Mexico 3% China 3% Nigeria 2% U.S. 2% U.S. 26% Japan 7% China 6% Germany 4% Canada 4% Russia 3% Brazil 3% S. Korea 3% France 3% India 3% Mexico 3% Italy 2% The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highest consuming nations combined.
  • 15. U.S. Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Solar Wind Geothermal o Temperature <90C Temperature >o 90C Geopressured resources 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 20 18 20 22 26 24 22 24 26 14 16 14 16 14 12 10 10 12 <10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 >28 6.0-6.5 m/s 13.4-14.6 mph 6.5-70 m/s 14.6-15.7 mph >7.0 m/s 15.7+ mph Megajoules/m 2 Biomass Agricultural resources & residues Wood resources & residues Agricultural & wood residues Low inventory
  • 16. Barriers to Change US energy infrastructure is large and deeply entrenched 400,000+ miles of gas and oil pipelines 160,000+ of high voltage transmission lines 176,000 gasoline stations 1000s of oil and gas wells drilled annually in the US and Canada
  • 17. Barriers to Change oil and gas are readily available as a world commodity at low cost -- equivalent to $ 4 to 5 / million Btu US coal is even more abundant and cheaper approximately $1/million Btu US electricity prices remain low relative to other commodities The average American family spends only 3 to 4% of their income on energy!!