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NAME : Ankita Karmakar
DEPARTMENT: Electrical Engineering
ROLL NO : 35001622059
SUBJECT: Power System-II
SUBJECT CODE : PC-EE-601
SEMESTER : 6th
YEAR : 3rd
SESSION : 2022-2025
COLLEGE : Ramkrishna Mahato Government
Engineering College

Basic concepts of Power Systems
Fundamentals of :
 Power Generation
 Transmission Lines
 Dristibution Lines

Basic operations required for the power systems
 Load Flow
 Fault Studies
 Protection
 Earthing
 Stability
 Insulation coordination
 Economic dispatch
 Power Quality
 Electromagnetic Compabilty, EMC
 Load Forecasting

Basic Structure of the Electric System

Generating Stations
 Fossil Fuel
 Hydroelectric
 Nuclear
 Geothermal
 Renewable
 Photovoltaics
 Solar Thermal
 Wind
 Bio-gas

Transmission Lines
 High Voltage 69 kV–500 kV
 Power Capacity 50–1,000 MW
 Carry power long distances
 Low energy losses, P=V²/R
 Large structures

Distribution Lines
 Primary; 12 – 34 kV AC
 Secondary: 480 V – 120 V AC
 Power capacity: 10 – 40 MW
 Shorter distances, higher losses
 Smaller overhead structures
 Underground

Power Analysis
In AC:
1 phase:
u=Um.cos(wt)
i=��ǲ�(�ɳ�-θ)
p=u.i=UmImcos(wt)cos(wt-θ)
(instantaneous value of the power)
In DC:
P=U.I

Power Analysis
p=u.i= Umcos(wt) ��ǲ�(�ɳ�-θ)

Power Analysis
p=u.i=UmImcos(wt)cos(wt-θ)
p=UI cosθ (1+cos(2wt))+UI sinθ sin(2wt)
active component reactive component
P=UI cosθ (active power) {W}
Q=UI sinθ (reactive power) {VAr}
Cosθ= (Power factor)

Power Analysis
S=P+jQ (Complex Power)
S²=P²+Q² (Apparent power) {VA}

Power Analysis
3 phase systems:
Up=Ua=Ub=Uc
Ip=Ia=Ib=Ic

Power Analysis
Y Connection
Il=Ip
Ul= Up
P=3UpIpcosφ
Q=3UpIpsin φ
S=3UpIp

Power Analysis
Delta Connection
Ip=Il√3 Ul=Up,
P=√3UlIlcosφ
(Generally)
Up= 220 V
Ul= 220.√3 = 380 V

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