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ppt uchicago

Pooja Chavan
Pooja Chavan

This document provides information about urban poverty in Mumbai and Chicago by comparing their development histories, demographics, issues faced by migrants and low-income communities, and the relationship between poverty and criminalization. In Mumbai, a large percentage of the population lives in slums that lack basic services. Slum redevelopment has displaced many and led to homelessness. Migrants face housing shortages, poor living conditions, and barriers to social services. In both cities, low-income neighborhoods experience overpolicing and criminalization of their communities. Poverty is multidimensional and criminalization contributes to its perpetuation. Effective policies are needed for more inclusive urban development that addresses inequality in access to resources.

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Urban Poverty and Development Gayathri Krishna Vineetha Venugopal Pooja Chavan Shibili Shahadathi M.A. in social Work in Community Organisation & Development Practice (2nd Year) Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai 1
MUMBAI CHICAGO 2
Introduction To Mumbai Entertainment, Fashion and Commercial Center of India Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is the richest municipal corporation in the country- GDP- $ 278 billion as of 2015 Population Density- Mumbai- 53,000/sq mi (21,000/km2) Chicago- 1,318/sq mi (509/km2) Religion demographics: Hindus: 67.39% Muslims: 18.56% Buddhists: 5.22%, Jains: 3.99%, Christians: 4.2%. Sikhs: 0.58% Parsis and Jews account for the rest of the population 3
42%- Maharashtrians;19%- Gujaratis, while people from other areas of the country account for the rest (39%) of the population (Mumbai Population(2016, October 26)). Crucial events that shaped the city: 1992 riots- After the Babri Masjid incident- political gains 1993- Underworld involvement- Mumbai blast- Muslims started feeling insecure and moved to the peripheries from the centre of the city- Ghettoisation Great Bombay Textile strike 4
Indias development- characterised by geographical inequality (Jagdale 2014) Inclusive development? Overall Income growth and income gap growth 5 Development in Urban Centres
Low Income Settlement- Slums Low economic settlements- thrown out of the formal housing sector because it is expensive and much beyond their income levels (not only BPL). percentage of people living in slums is estimated to be as high as 41.3% in Greater Mumbai (Mumbai Population(2016, October 26))- occupying about 2500 hectares of area, which constitutes a mere 6% of the total land area (Jagdale 2014). . 6
Conditions of these slum occupations are dangerously unhygienic defined unfit for human- overcrowding, lack of ventilation, electricity or sanitary facilities by the Census of India. Slum population- Highly vulnerable and displaced to outskirts during urban development Area made liveable by slum dwellers are taken up for redevelopment Political and economic factors play an important role in the sustaining the slums- privatisation of slum rehabilitation after 1991(Jagdale 2014). slum policies have become increasingly reliant on the market and on local self-help agencies, a trend in step with the neoliberal turn across the developing world (Nijman 2008) Slum rehabilitation and issues related to it creation of vertical slums 7
Homelessness, Inequality and Access to Resources 8
Homelessness Slum redevelopment in India often results in livelihood loss - vertical slums- loss of old way of life - desertion - homelessness - Homelessness in Chicago - bus stop, train, pavement, bridge. Gentrification - Chicago - rent rise - eviction - loss of affordable housing - Uptown - Homelessness - pavements, under the bridge - Uptown-Pilsen Beggary Act - no warrant; no trial; 3-10 years prison term; arrest of dependents; inadequate shelters - criminalization of landless labourers , old and people with disabilities and homeless people. (Bombay prevention of beggary act, 1959) Persons in Destitution (Protection Care and Intervention) Model Bill 9
Water and Sanitation- Slums Notified: 40 lpcd officially - the irregular, erratic timings lead to feminisation of poverty. E.g. Cheeta Camp . Services inferior quality compared to non slum areas Non-notified slums - established after 2000; eligible for water under 2014 ruling; yet to be fully implemented - changing cut off dates and inequality Nearly half of Mumbais slum non notified (Subbaraman and Murti,2015) Slums on central government land - Illegal slums - not eligible for any services; no security of tenure Water Mafia -illegally tap into city water pipes - cross contamination highly priced service by private vendors - criminalisation Or buy water from far away legal pipe owners or tanker water (Subbaraman et.al, 2015). 10
Sanitation Lack of access to clean water -> diarrhoeal illness in children > recurrent diarrhoeal illness -> increased child mortality and malnutrition (Subbaraman and Murty,2015) Households spend an average of 52 to 206 times more than standard municipal charge of INR 2.25 (USD 0.04) per 1000 litres of water. 95% use less than the WHO minimum of 50 litres per capita per day ( Subbaraman et.al, 2013) Notified slums -> shared or community toilets Non notified -> less number of toilets - lack of reliable water supply- excessive use (high population density) - lack of maintenance ; more open defecation - dysfunctional toilets 11
Lack of sewer infrastructure - health concerns - criminalisation of open defecation ( Subbaraman et al, 2012) . High cost and long wait at pay and use toilets Inadequate solid waste disposal Barriers in accessing Municipal electricity supply- electricity stealing Barriers to access municipal schools - time consuming , expensive transportation ; social stigma Difficulty in accessing official documents - no official residence proof - difficult to access services Discrimination in compensation provided after disasters and calamities Forced eviction and loss of home - reinforcing poverty Different neighbourhood - different facilities - community healthcare - community college Inequality in Access to Services 12
notified slum- parallel informal economy ; $600 million to 1 billion turnover (Yardley, 2011). Textiles, carpentry; leather; recycling; rag picking ; domestic help, drivers etc Unsafe , congested working conditions; home as workplace; exploitation Congested shared housing - Tuberculosis & other diseases People unable to move out due to high land price/rent in Mumbai Dharavi - city within a city 13
MIGRATION Comparative perspective: Mumbai and Chicago 1.Who are migrants? 2.Why do people migrate? 3.Push and pull factors of migration 4.What are the effects of migration? 14
Nature of Migration MUMBAI 15 Interstate Migration Village to city Migration City to city Migration CHICAGO Voluntary Migration Forced Migration International Migration
16
Effects of Migration MUMBAI Housing Mushrooming of slums Water Supply Sanitation Lack of fundamental needs: Education, Healthcare, Shelter Lack of government scheme benefits Poor work conditions Inadequate wages Issues of secondary citizenship Increasing Inequalities Social Exclusion CHICAGO Increasing numbers of Undocumented immigrants Difficulty to access basic services for undocumented immigrants Issues of Housing Cheap labour force Issues of secondary citizenship Insecurity and hatred among residents of the city towards various racial groups Increasing Inequalities Social Exclusion 17
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Poverty and Criminalisation 24
Two aspects of poverty and its relation with criminalisation Economic poverty and criminalisation The lower standard of living and often high degree of economic compulsion forces the lower section to indulge in crimes. The deepened social and economic divide is the primary reasons for the exacerbation of crime and social conflict in cities such as Mumbai(Shaban, 2008) Critique : States double stand on crime in poor areas and to the big fishes; Poverty as multidimensional concept Abraham Maslow ( Hierarchy of needs) considers food, shelter, cloth, safety and security as humans primary needs. The lack of these primary needs can be called as poverty. 25
Mumbra: The story of a Muslim ghetto A ghetto in the outskirts of Mumbai that thousands of Muslim families settled in as a result of 1992-93 riots. The population has increased from 45,000(1992) to 9,000,00(2011). The government hasnt set up a single public school or hospital and people suffer with a 6 hour daily power cut. In 2014, 150 policemen searched all the houses in Mumbra during midnight by shouting raid all the safe hubs of terrorists to find out a chain snatchers group. In 2015, private school in Panvel( 34 km away from Mumbra) decided to ban admission for children from this ghetto by saying bad behaviour as a reason. 26
Many people from Mumbra have been denied job due to the label of criminal/ terrorists (including women). Extra-judicial killings and fake encounters. The poor economic condition and backwardness coupled with unique social circumstances, Muslims forced to live in urban slums. The fear of other makes them to live in the ghettoes. Further the overwhelmed policing makes their lives double insecure (poonawalla, 2014) . 27
Do Black lives really matter to the state? One in four black children in born in 1990 had a father imprisoned. The expansion of incarceration increased by increase in policing. The forms of supervision and policing found in the black neighbourhood foster a climate of fear and suspicion in which people are pressured to inform on one another(goffman,2009) Imprisoned or formerly imprisoned men have difficulties participating in sustained ways in the lives of their families, there families become socially and economically disadvantaged in this process( Mclanahan 2004) Thus, criminalisation also contributes to sustenance of poverty. 28
Conclusion Poverty and development juncture- crucial factors that needs to be taken care are Development of low income settlements the inequality in access to resources, homelessness, migration and criminalisation of vulnerable communities and its aftermath. Role of social workers in advocacy , engagement with community, community organising, empowerment of communities- both social and economic of vulnerable communities. Push for urban development more inclusive and equal. 29
References Mumbai Population. (2016, October 26). Retrieved November 15th, 2016, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mumbai-population/ Jagdale, R. H. (2014). An overview of slum rehabilitation schemes in Mumbai, India (Doctoral dissertation). Nijman, J. (2008). Against the odds: Slum rehabilitation in neoliberal Mumbai.Cities, 25(2), 73-85. Shaban, A. (2008). Ghettoisation, crime and punishment in Mumbai. Economic and Political Weekly, 68-73. Goffman, A. (2009). On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto. American Sociological Review, 74(3), 339-357. Subbaraman, R., & Murthy, S. L. (2015). The right to water in the slums of Mumbai, India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(11), 815-816. Subbaraman, R., Obrien, J., Shitole, T., Shitole, S., Sawant, K., Bloom, D. E., & Patil-Deshmukh, A. (2012). Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environment and urbanization, 24(2), 643-663. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/in-indian-slum-misery-work- politics-and-hope.html 30
Thank You 31

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ppt uchicago

  • 1. Urban Poverty and Development Gayathri Krishna Vineetha Venugopal Pooja Chavan Shibili Shahadathi M.A. in social Work in Community Organisation & Development Practice (2nd Year) Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai 1
  • 3. Introduction To Mumbai Entertainment, Fashion and Commercial Center of India Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is the richest municipal corporation in the country- GDP- $ 278 billion as of 2015 Population Density- Mumbai- 53,000/sq mi (21,000/km2) Chicago- 1,318/sq mi (509/km2) Religion demographics: Hindus: 67.39% Muslims: 18.56% Buddhists: 5.22%, Jains: 3.99%, Christians: 4.2%. Sikhs: 0.58% Parsis and Jews account for the rest of the population 3
  • 4. 42%- Maharashtrians;19%- Gujaratis, while people from other areas of the country account for the rest (39%) of the population (Mumbai Population(2016, October 26)). Crucial events that shaped the city: 1992 riots- After the Babri Masjid incident- political gains 1993- Underworld involvement- Mumbai blast- Muslims started feeling insecure and moved to the peripheries from the centre of the city- Ghettoisation Great Bombay Textile strike 4
  • 5. Indias development- characterised by geographical inequality (Jagdale 2014) Inclusive development? Overall Income growth and income gap growth 5 Development in Urban Centres
  • 6. Low Income Settlement- Slums Low economic settlements- thrown out of the formal housing sector because it is expensive and much beyond their income levels (not only BPL). percentage of people living in slums is estimated to be as high as 41.3% in Greater Mumbai (Mumbai Population(2016, October 26))- occupying about 2500 hectares of area, which constitutes a mere 6% of the total land area (Jagdale 2014). . 6
  • 7. Conditions of these slum occupations are dangerously unhygienic defined unfit for human- overcrowding, lack of ventilation, electricity or sanitary facilities by the Census of India. Slum population- Highly vulnerable and displaced to outskirts during urban development Area made liveable by slum dwellers are taken up for redevelopment Political and economic factors play an important role in the sustaining the slums- privatisation of slum rehabilitation after 1991(Jagdale 2014). slum policies have become increasingly reliant on the market and on local self-help agencies, a trend in step with the neoliberal turn across the developing world (Nijman 2008) Slum rehabilitation and issues related to it creation of vertical slums 7
  • 8. Homelessness, Inequality and Access to Resources 8
  • 9. Homelessness Slum redevelopment in India often results in livelihood loss - vertical slums- loss of old way of life - desertion - homelessness - Homelessness in Chicago - bus stop, train, pavement, bridge. Gentrification - Chicago - rent rise - eviction - loss of affordable housing - Uptown - Homelessness - pavements, under the bridge - Uptown-Pilsen Beggary Act - no warrant; no trial; 3-10 years prison term; arrest of dependents; inadequate shelters - criminalization of landless labourers , old and people with disabilities and homeless people. (Bombay prevention of beggary act, 1959) Persons in Destitution (Protection Care and Intervention) Model Bill 9
  • 10. Water and Sanitation- Slums Notified: 40 lpcd officially - the irregular, erratic timings lead to feminisation of poverty. E.g. Cheeta Camp . Services inferior quality compared to non slum areas Non-notified slums - established after 2000; eligible for water under 2014 ruling; yet to be fully implemented - changing cut off dates and inequality Nearly half of Mumbais slum non notified (Subbaraman and Murti,2015) Slums on central government land - Illegal slums - not eligible for any services; no security of tenure Water Mafia -illegally tap into city water pipes - cross contamination highly priced service by private vendors - criminalisation Or buy water from far away legal pipe owners or tanker water (Subbaraman et.al, 2015). 10
  • 11. Sanitation Lack of access to clean water -> diarrhoeal illness in children > recurrent diarrhoeal illness -> increased child mortality and malnutrition (Subbaraman and Murty,2015) Households spend an average of 52 to 206 times more than standard municipal charge of INR 2.25 (USD 0.04) per 1000 litres of water. 95% use less than the WHO minimum of 50 litres per capita per day ( Subbaraman et.al, 2013) Notified slums -> shared or community toilets Non notified -> less number of toilets - lack of reliable water supply- excessive use (high population density) - lack of maintenance ; more open defecation - dysfunctional toilets 11
  • 12. Lack of sewer infrastructure - health concerns - criminalisation of open defecation ( Subbaraman et al, 2012) . High cost and long wait at pay and use toilets Inadequate solid waste disposal Barriers in accessing Municipal electricity supply- electricity stealing Barriers to access municipal schools - time consuming , expensive transportation ; social stigma Difficulty in accessing official documents - no official residence proof - difficult to access services Discrimination in compensation provided after disasters and calamities Forced eviction and loss of home - reinforcing poverty Different neighbourhood - different facilities - community healthcare - community college Inequality in Access to Services 12
  • 13. notified slum- parallel informal economy ; $600 million to 1 billion turnover (Yardley, 2011). Textiles, carpentry; leather; recycling; rag picking ; domestic help, drivers etc Unsafe , congested working conditions; home as workplace; exploitation Congested shared housing - Tuberculosis & other diseases People unable to move out due to high land price/rent in Mumbai Dharavi - city within a city 13
  • 14. MIGRATION Comparative perspective: Mumbai and Chicago 1.Who are migrants? 2.Why do people migrate? 3.Push and pull factors of migration 4.What are the effects of migration? 14
  • 15. Nature of Migration MUMBAI 15 Interstate Migration Village to city Migration City to city Migration CHICAGO Voluntary Migration Forced Migration International Migration
  • 16. 16
  • 17. Effects of Migration MUMBAI Housing Mushrooming of slums Water Supply Sanitation Lack of fundamental needs: Education, Healthcare, Shelter Lack of government scheme benefits Poor work conditions Inadequate wages Issues of secondary citizenship Increasing Inequalities Social Exclusion CHICAGO Increasing numbers of Undocumented immigrants Difficulty to access basic services for undocumented immigrants Issues of Housing Cheap labour force Issues of secondary citizenship Insecurity and hatred among residents of the city towards various racial groups Increasing Inequalities Social Exclusion 17
  • 18. 18
  • 19. 19
  • 20. 20
  • 21. 21
  • 22. 22
  • 23. 23
  • 25. Two aspects of poverty and its relation with criminalisation Economic poverty and criminalisation The lower standard of living and often high degree of economic compulsion forces the lower section to indulge in crimes. The deepened social and economic divide is the primary reasons for the exacerbation of crime and social conflict in cities such as Mumbai(Shaban, 2008) Critique : States double stand on crime in poor areas and to the big fishes; Poverty as multidimensional concept Abraham Maslow ( Hierarchy of needs) considers food, shelter, cloth, safety and security as humans primary needs. The lack of these primary needs can be called as poverty. 25
  • 26. Mumbra: The story of a Muslim ghetto A ghetto in the outskirts of Mumbai that thousands of Muslim families settled in as a result of 1992-93 riots. The population has increased from 45,000(1992) to 9,000,00(2011). The government hasnt set up a single public school or hospital and people suffer with a 6 hour daily power cut. In 2014, 150 policemen searched all the houses in Mumbra during midnight by shouting raid all the safe hubs of terrorists to find out a chain snatchers group. In 2015, private school in Panvel( 34 km away from Mumbra) decided to ban admission for children from this ghetto by saying bad behaviour as a reason. 26
  • 27. Many people from Mumbra have been denied job due to the label of criminal/ terrorists (including women). Extra-judicial killings and fake encounters. The poor economic condition and backwardness coupled with unique social circumstances, Muslims forced to live in urban slums. The fear of other makes them to live in the ghettoes. Further the overwhelmed policing makes their lives double insecure (poonawalla, 2014) . 27
  • 28. Do Black lives really matter to the state? One in four black children in born in 1990 had a father imprisoned. The expansion of incarceration increased by increase in policing. The forms of supervision and policing found in the black neighbourhood foster a climate of fear and suspicion in which people are pressured to inform on one another(goffman,2009) Imprisoned or formerly imprisoned men have difficulties participating in sustained ways in the lives of their families, there families become socially and economically disadvantaged in this process( Mclanahan 2004) Thus, criminalisation also contributes to sustenance of poverty. 28
  • 29. Conclusion Poverty and development juncture- crucial factors that needs to be taken care are Development of low income settlements the inequality in access to resources, homelessness, migration and criminalisation of vulnerable communities and its aftermath. Role of social workers in advocacy , engagement with community, community organising, empowerment of communities- both social and economic of vulnerable communities. Push for urban development more inclusive and equal. 29
  • 30. References Mumbai Population. (2016, October 26). Retrieved November 15th, 2016, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mumbai-population/ Jagdale, R. H. (2014). An overview of slum rehabilitation schemes in Mumbai, India (Doctoral dissertation). Nijman, J. (2008). Against the odds: Slum rehabilitation in neoliberal Mumbai.Cities, 25(2), 73-85. Shaban, A. (2008). Ghettoisation, crime and punishment in Mumbai. Economic and Political Weekly, 68-73. Goffman, A. (2009). On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia ghetto. American Sociological Review, 74(3), 339-357. Subbaraman, R., & Murthy, S. L. (2015). The right to water in the slums of Mumbai, India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(11), 815-816. Subbaraman, R., Obrien, J., Shitole, T., Shitole, S., Sawant, K., Bloom, D. E., & Patil-Deshmukh, A. (2012). Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environment and urbanization, 24(2), 643-663. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/in-indian-slum-misery-work- politics-and-hope.html 30