교통 체증의 과학.pptx
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Local interactions between drivers can lead to traffic jams even without any external inhomogeneities, due to human overreaction and limited acceleration/deceleration capabilities. The model shows strong hysteresis between synchronized and jammed phases - it is difficult to transition back from a jammed to synchronized state by just decreasing vehicle density. A proposed solution is for autonomous cruise control systems to avoid overreaction when approaching a downstream jam by driving more carefully, which can dissolve jams and remove hysteresis.
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- 1. Local interaction and traffic jam Beom Jun Kim (Dept. of Physics, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea)
- 2. Traffic problem • In L.A., each car driver spends 56 hours in traffic jam per year. • In Germany, opportunity cost caused by traffic jam sums up 100,000,000 US dollars per year. • Environmental effect (global warming, air pollution, ...) is a big
- 3. Easy solution • Build more roads !! • Road area ≈ % of city area in Seoul (2005). Build more??? • Highway construction costs USD per km in Korea. Build more?? • Let’s walk and bike !! • I will not be here with you now. 22 20 million No
- 4. What causes the jam? • Ant circle • Ant’s traffic rule: follow your friend and go astray a bit sometime. If you find food, bring it home, and let your friend know (leave pheromone behind). • No food, only pheromone ⇒ great circle of ants ⇒ all die. • We humans are much smarter than ants. So..
- 5. We use cars!!! • Intelligence of agents hardly matters. • Emergent behavior from local interactions.
- 6. Why traffic jam occurs? • Traffic jam can occur without extrinsic inhomogeneity.
- 7. Model • H. K. Lee et. al., PRL 92, 238702 (2004). • Mechanical restriction: Acceleration and deceleration capabilities are limited. • Human overreaction: Driver’s excessive response to the local traffic conditions.
- 8. Hitting on you? • Collision-free condition with the limited deceleration capability D:
- 9. We humans • Accelerate/decelerate more than necessary. • Human behavior: simplified to either “optimistic (0)” or “defensive (1)”. • Optimistic (defensive) driver keeps shorter (longer) distance to the car in front, and steps on brake in shorter (longer) time. In other words, defensive drivers assume the worst.
- 10. Let’s drive! • Update rule: • Parameters: • H. K. Lee et. al., PRL 92, 238702 (2004).
- 11. Change Density & Measure Flux • One lane road of 60km long. • Periodic boundary condition. • Car density : ρ = # of vehicles/km • Traffic flux : J = ρv ( # of vehicles/hour) • Fundamental diagram (J versus ρ)
- 12. Traffic flow is history dependent • Slow increase of ρ ⇒ broad range of free-flow. • Once jammed, decrease of ρ doesn’t help much. ρ J How ??
- 13. Heating Pad Supersaturated solution of sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) •Supercooled liquid: Metastable •Solid: Stable Local perturbation drives the system back to stable state (jammed state in traffic, and solid state in heating pad).
- 14. Heating Pad: Metal plate •Perturbation provides nucleation center. •Traffic: a stopped car acts as a nucleation center for traffic jam.
- 17. In More Detail ρ (vehicles/km) <v> (km/h) • No hysteresis for (Free ⇔ Synch) • Strong hysteresis for (Synch ⇔ Jam)
- 18. Iron-fist solution 1.Monitor the change of ρ. 2.If ρ is about to exceed ~34 veh/km, block all the highway entrances. 3.ρ decreases below some value (e.g., 25 veh/km). 4.Open the gate, and keep watching! • I will be happy to be the last one entering, but hate to be the first one being stopped. • Game theoretic situation; Nash
- 19. Statistical Physics Way of Thinking • Jam is due to interactions. • Un-jamming can be done by additional local interactions. But How? • In the present model, alter the human factor (optimistic/defensive), avoiding the overreaction.
- 20. Autonomous Cruise Control • Gather local traffic information. • Change driving pattern in a smart way. But what is smart way? • In the present model, alter the human factor (optimistic/defensive), avoiding the overreaction.
- 21. Don’t overreact, and stay calm. A. Downstream jam (you are approaching the jam): You’d better be cautious. Otherwise, you will brake suddenly, making your follower surprised (and she will make her follower surprised too). B. Upstream jam (you are leaving the jam): You’d better be optimistic (or speed up) so that your follower can leave the jam earlier (and her follower too). • I tried both but only A was found to work: Be prepared for the future, and don’t be too happy after you suffer from misery.
- 22. Watch out downstream jam! • If the n-th car in front of you has speed smaller than vc, you’d better be careful ( ). • Tuning of x and n to maximize <v>: • The value of n doesn’t matter much (10 ≤ n ≤ 30). • The best value of vc = 8 in the simulation unit (≃ 43.2km/h) • Be careful when the 10-th car in front of you is slower than 43km/h. • Cars must be equipped with a device (measure the speed and send out the signal to other cars).
- 23. Fasten your seat belt. optimistic fast driver defensive fast driver optimistic slow driver defensive slow driver you are here
- 24. No Free Lunch • Jam is dissolved when ACC is on (Jam ➱ Synch). • If you keep ACC on in Synch phase, <v> is lower than ACC = off. Good news Bad news • ACC removes hysteresis behavior!
- 25. Summary • Traffic problem was studied by using a CA model. • Strong hysteresis behavior found between Synch and Jam phases. Once in the Jam phase, it becomes very difficult to return to Synch phase. • A simple ACC was suggested: If you are approaching downstream jam, drive carefully. • www.kbsnews.com (search 김범준)