visual acuity
Download as PPTX, PDF5 likes484 views
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to distinguish between two separate points. It is measured using charts with letters, pictures, or other symbols where the eye must identify individual items. Visual acuity tests are used to assess visual function, refractive error, and fitness for tasks like driving. Infants can be tested using optokinetic nystagmus tests with moving stripes or preferential looking tests. Older children may use cards with pictures, letters, or broken shapes. Adults are typically tested using Snellen or LogMAR charts with letters of decreasing size. LogMAR charts provide a more accurate logarithmic scale for measuring visual acuity. Near vision can be tested using Jaeger or Snellen near vision charts.
1 of 48
Downloaded 10 times
Recommended
pentacam
pentacamnrvdad
油
The document discusses Pentacam corneal topography. Some key points:
- Pentacam uses Scheimpflug imaging to obtain images of the anterior segment and measure the shape of the cornea.
- It provides quantitative indices like simulated keratometry and maps of corneal power, elevation, and irregularity to evaluate corneal shape.
- Pentacam is useful for diagnosing conditions like keratoconus by detecting thinning, steepening, and irregularity. It can also evaluate outcomes of procedures like refractive surgery and intraocular surgery.
- Clinical applications include pre-op screening, surgical planning, contact lens fitting, and determining refraction.Aqueous humor dynamics
Aqueous humor dynamicsLaxmi Eye Institute
油
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor dynamics. It describes the structures involved in aqueous humor formation, which occurs primarily through active transport by the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. These include the iris, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and collector channels. Aqueous humor is formed at a rate of around 2.3 亮l/min through diffusion, ultrafiltration and secretion across the ciliary epithelium. Various factors influence aqueous humor production and outflow through the trabecular meshwork into episcleral veins.Corneal topography
Corneal topographySatish Jeria
油
The cornea is the main refractive element of the eye, contributing 70% of the eye's refractive power. Even minor changes to its shape can significantly alter the image formed on the retina. The cornea has an elliptical anterior surface and a circular posterior surface. It varies in thickness from center to periphery. Corneal topography is used to map the shape of the cornea using various techniques such as Placido disk, elevation-based, and Scheimpflug imaging. Topography provides quantitative data on corneal curvature, thickness, and irregularities that aid in diagnosing conditions like keratoconus.Examination of a case of squint
Examination of a case of squintNisha Kumari
油
This document summarizes the key steps in examining a case of squint. It outlines obtaining the patient's presenting signs and symptoms, medical history, and previous treatments. Tests are described to assess visual acuity, fixation, refractive error, and the anterior segment. The motor status is examined through head posture, ocular movements, and fusional vergences. Ocular deviation is detected using cover tests and quantified. The sensory status is evaluated for binocularity, diplopia, retinal correspondence, suppression, amblyopia, and stereopsis. Both objective and subjective examination methods are outlined to thoroughly evaluate squint.Binocular vision
Binocular visionSaransh Jain
油
Binocular vision refers to the coordinated use of both eyes to produce a single mental impression. It develops through childhood as the visual and motor mechanisms mature. Theories of binocular vision aim to explain how a single visual percept is formed from two retinal images. Key components include retinal correspondence, the horopter curve, and Panum's fusional area. Abnormalities can disrupt binocular vision and cause issues like diplopia or suppression. Clinical tests evaluate retinal correspondence, stereopsis, and fusional abilities to assess binocular function.Corneal transparency
Corneal transparencyikramdr01
油
The cornea consists of three layers - epithelium, stroma, and endothelium. Its primary functions are to maintain transparency and protect the intraocular contents. Transparency is determined by the peculiar arrangement of corneal lamellae, its avascularity, relative dehydration, metabolism, and higher refractive index difference with air. The stroma is composed of collagen fibers set in mucopolysaccharides that form a regular hexagonal lattice, leading to destructive interference of scattered light rays below 200nm that maintains transparency. Corneal avascularity and dehydration are maintained by genes, nutrients from the atmosphere, perilimbal capillaries, and aqueous humor pumps in the epithelium and endothelium.Dynamic retinoscopy 
Dynamic retinoscopy Rajeshwori
油
The document discusses various methods of dynamic retinoscopy that have been developed over time to objectively measure the accommodative response and lag of accommodation. Some of the key methods mentioned include Cross method, Sheard's method, Tait's method, Monocular Estimate method, Nott dynamic retinoscopy, Bell retinoscopy, and stress point retinoscopy. The document also discusses the typical lag of accommodation values found in studies and how lags can indicate problems with accommodation.Accommodation presentation by Tamalika
Accommodation presentation by TamalikaTamalika Biswas
油
The document discusses accommodation and its measurement techniques. It begins by defining accommodation as the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive power to focus on near objects. It then describes the sensory and motor pathways involved in accommodation and lists some theories of accommodation including the relaxation theory and cotenary theory. The document outlines components of accommodation and discusses reaction time. It defines several important terms related to accommodation measurement and describes techniques such as push-up, minus lens, and flipper tests. Objective measurement techniques like dynamic retinoscopy are also mentioned. Expected accommodation amplitudes by age are provided based on Hofstetter's formulas and Donder's table.Testing for npa
Testing for npaRAJU RATHORE 鏝
油
This document describes how to test for the near point of accommodation (NPA) and near point of convergence (NPC). For NPA testing, the examiner places a near testing card at 16 inches from the patient's eye and moves it closer until the letters blur, recording the distance. This is repeated for each eye. For NPC testing, the examiner holds a target at 16 inches from the patient and moves it closer until the image doubles or one eye deviates, recording the distance from the nose. Both tests measure the closest point an image can remain clear and single.binocular single vision
binocular single visionDrShrey Maheshwari
油
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
油
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT も https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ も
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at もも https://healthkura.com もも
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borishs Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
Keratoconus
KeratoconusSSSIHMS-PG
油
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory, progressive thinning and protrusion of the cornea that results in irregular astigmatism and decreased vision. It typically presents after puberty with no gender or racial predilection. Diagnosis is made based on corneal thinning, Fleischer ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular astigmatism seen on keratometry and topography. Mild cases are managed with spectacles while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contact lenses, Intacs, or corneal transplantation.3 Tests for Binocular Single Vision
3 Tests for Binocular Single VisionMinal Zahid
油
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.Pupil anatomy and physiology
Pupil anatomy and physiologyAl-Shifa College of Paramedical Science,Perinthalmanna
油
The pupil is a small aperture in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Its diameter changes in response to different light levels, ranging from about 1.5 mm in bright light to 8 mm in dim light. The size of the pupil also decreases with age. It constricts during sleep and dilates during emotional stress. The pupil functions to control the light entering the retina and the amount of aberration in the retinal image.Anomalies of accomodation 
Anomalies of accomodation Ayat AbuJazar
油
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.Biometry 
Biometry Nikita Jaiswal
油
This document discusses biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. It begins by defining biometry as the analysis of biological data using mathematical and statistical methods. It then describes various biometry techniques including A-scan ultrasound to measure axial length, keratometry to measure corneal curvature, and different formulas used to calculate IOL power. Over generations, the formulas have evolved from theoretical to regression-based approaches using parameters like axial length, keratometry readings, and A-constants specific to IOL designs. Proper technique and quality checks are important for accurate biometry and IOL power calculation to achieve the desired refractive outcome.Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucoma
Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucomaSadhwini Harish
油
This document discusses the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma. It begins by defining pre-perimetric glaucoma as optic nerve abnormalities seen on structural tests with normal visual fields. It then discusses the need for early diagnosis before functional changes occur. Various functional tests are described like standard automated perimetry, short wavelength automated perimetry, frequency doubling technology, and others. Structural tests like confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and their principles are summarized.NEWER Anti-VEGFS.pptx
NEWER Anti-VEGFS.pptxpoonamjuneja5
油
This document provides an overview of newer anti-VEGF therapies for treating retinal diseases involving abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). It discusses the mechanisms and indications of established therapies like bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept. It then summarizes several newer anti-VEGF agents currently in clinical trials, including conbercept, brolucizumab, abicipar pegol, and faricimab. These newer therapies aim to provide improved efficacy compared to existing options through mechanisms like inhibiting additional growth factors or requiring less frequent dosing. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating their safety and ability to improve vision outcomes in conditions like wet age-related macular degeneration and diabeticGonioscopy presentation
Gonioscopy presentationHira Dahal
油
Gonioscopy refers to techniques for examining the anterior chamber angle of the eye to evaluate and classify normal and abnormal angle structures. It involves using specialized lenses and lights to view the iridocorneal angle. There are two main methods: direct gonioscopy uses large contact lenses requiring saline, while indirect uses smaller lenses with mirrors or prisms that utilize tear film. Gonioscopy is used to diagnose angle-closure glaucoma and other conditions by allowing visualization of the trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and other angle structures. Indentation gonioscopy, where the lens is pressed against the cornea, can differentiate appositional from synechial angle closure. Proper technique andAccommodation
AccommodationLaxmi Eye Institute
油
The document summarizes several theories of accommodation, including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, Schachar's theory, and the catenary theory. It also discusses clinical assessment of accommodation and various anomalies such as insufficiency, excess, spasm, and infacility. Treatment options mentioned include spectacle correction, vision therapy exercises to stimulate or relax accommodation, and in rare cases, cycloplegic drugs.ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation
ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixationaditi Jain
油
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.Congenital retinal anomalies
Congenital retinal anomaliesSubramaniaraj Palanisamy
油
Congenital retinal anomalies can arise from developmental defects, vascular abnormalities, infections, tumors or trauma. Clinical presentation depends on laterality and extent of vision loss. Examination may reveal colobomas, retinal folds, persistent fetal vasculature or lacunae indicative of conditions like Aicardi syndrome. Retinopathy of prematurity is a major cause of vision loss in premature infants and progresses through stages from demarcation lines to retinal detachment. Infectious etiologies can cause chorioretinitis from viruses like cytomegalovirus and parasites including toxoplasmosis. Prompt treatment is aimed at the underlying cause and prevention of complications affecting vision.Glaucoma Guided Progression Analysis - Dr Shylesh Dabke
Glaucoma Guided Progression Analysis - Dr Shylesh DabkeShylesh Dabke
油
Glaucoma progression analysis tools help doctors minimize patients' risk of vision loss over their lifetime by objectively measuring the rate of glaucoma progression. These tools analyze both structural changes from optical coherence tomography scans and functional changes from visual field tests to detect which patients are worsening rapidly and may need more aggressive treatment. While clinical judgment is still important, understanding each patient's rate of progression through these new technologies provides the best opportunity to safeguard patients' vision.Anomalies of accommodation
Anomalies of accommodationDrAzmat Ali
油
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.Log mar chart
Log mar chartOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
油
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.Orthoptics by ankit varshney
Orthoptics by ankit varshneyShree Bharatimaiya College of Optometry & Physiotherapy
油
The document provides information on evaluating cases of orthoptics. It discusses evaluating a patient's history, visual acuity, eye movements, sensory status, and degree of strabismus. The evaluation includes assessing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment using various objective tests like cover tests, assessing binocularity using stereopsis tests, and determining the presence of suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence. The document outlines the various tests used to evaluate motor and sensory functions in patients with strabismus.Visual Field in Glaucoma
Visual Field in Glaucomadocsarsi
油
The document discusses visual field testing in glaucoma. It defines the visual field and perimetry, and describes the major types of clinical perimetry tests including full threshold, SITA standard, and SITA fast on Humphrey and normal, dynamic, and TOP strategies on Octopus. It explains parameters such as test patterns, reliability, age-corrected plots, tests like GHT and Bebie curve, and global indices including MD, PSD, SF, and CPSD. The purpose of visual field testing in glaucoma is to detect and monitor disease by measuring light sensitivity across the retinal field.
visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptx
visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptxDHIR EYE HOSPITAL
油
This document provides information about visual acuity and how it is assessed. It defines visual acuity as the ability to see fine detail and distinguish shapes. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. It discusses different charts used to test visual acuity in infants, children, and adults. The document also covers how to test near visual acuity and different charts used for that.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Testing for npa
Testing for npaRAJU RATHORE 鏝
油
This document describes how to test for the near point of accommodation (NPA) and near point of convergence (NPC). For NPA testing, the examiner places a near testing card at 16 inches from the patient's eye and moves it closer until the letters blur, recording the distance. This is repeated for each eye. For NPC testing, the examiner holds a target at 16 inches from the patient and moves it closer until the image doubles or one eye deviates, recording the distance from the nose. Both tests measure the closest point an image can remain clear and single.binocular single vision
binocular single visionDrShrey Maheshwari
油
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...
Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...Bikash Sapkota
油
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT も https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ も
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at もも https://healthkura.com もも
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borishs Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
Keratoconus
KeratoconusSSSIHMS-PG
油
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory, progressive thinning and protrusion of the cornea that results in irregular astigmatism and decreased vision. It typically presents after puberty with no gender or racial predilection. Diagnosis is made based on corneal thinning, Fleischer ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular astigmatism seen on keratometry and topography. Mild cases are managed with spectacles while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contact lenses, Intacs, or corneal transplantation.3 Tests for Binocular Single Vision
3 Tests for Binocular Single VisionMinal Zahid
油
What are the tests for binocular vision?
During a Binocular Vision Assessment, the eye doctor evaluates both binocular vision functioning and visual perceptual skills:
Accommodation.
Convergence.
Depth perception (3D)
Fusion.
Ocular motility.
Ocular posture.
Presence of conditions that affect binocular vision functioning.
Spatial awareness / planning.Pupil anatomy and physiology
Pupil anatomy and physiologyAl-Shifa College of Paramedical Science,Perinthalmanna
油
The pupil is a small aperture in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. Its diameter changes in response to different light levels, ranging from about 1.5 mm in bright light to 8 mm in dim light. The size of the pupil also decreases with age. It constricts during sleep and dilates during emotional stress. The pupil functions to control the light entering the retina and the amount of aberration in the retinal image.Anomalies of accomodation
Anomalies of accomodation Ayat AbuJazar
油
Accommodation anomalies can occur due to various causes and present with different symptoms. Assessment involves dynamic retinoscopy and measuring accommodation amplitudes. Accommodative fatigue can result from overuse and be treated by correcting refractive errors and discussing visual hygiene. Presbyopia is age-related and treated with near vision correction. Other failures of accommodation include insufficiency, paralysis, spasm, and sustained accommodation, each with different etiologies, signs, and treatments.Biometry
Biometry Nikita Jaiswal
油
This document discusses biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. It begins by defining biometry as the analysis of biological data using mathematical and statistical methods. It then describes various biometry techniques including A-scan ultrasound to measure axial length, keratometry to measure corneal curvature, and different formulas used to calculate IOL power. Over generations, the formulas have evolved from theoretical to regression-based approaches using parameters like axial length, keratometry readings, and A-constants specific to IOL designs. Proper technique and quality checks are important for accurate biometry and IOL power calculation to achieve the desired refractive outcome.Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucoma
Diagnosis of pre perimetric glaucomaSadhwini Harish
油
This document discusses the diagnosis of pre-perimetric glaucoma. It begins by defining pre-perimetric glaucoma as optic nerve abnormalities seen on structural tests with normal visual fields. It then discusses the need for early diagnosis before functional changes occur. Various functional tests are described like standard automated perimetry, short wavelength automated perimetry, frequency doubling technology, and others. Structural tests like confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and their principles are summarized.NEWER Anti-VEGFS.pptx
NEWER Anti-VEGFS.pptxpoonamjuneja5
油
This document provides an overview of newer anti-VEGF therapies for treating retinal diseases involving abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). It discusses the mechanisms and indications of established therapies like bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept. It then summarizes several newer anti-VEGF agents currently in clinical trials, including conbercept, brolucizumab, abicipar pegol, and faricimab. These newer therapies aim to provide improved efficacy compared to existing options through mechanisms like inhibiting additional growth factors or requiring less frequent dosing. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating their safety and ability to improve vision outcomes in conditions like wet age-related macular degeneration and diabeticGonioscopy presentation
Gonioscopy presentationHira Dahal
油
Gonioscopy refers to techniques for examining the anterior chamber angle of the eye to evaluate and classify normal and abnormal angle structures. It involves using specialized lenses and lights to view the iridocorneal angle. There are two main methods: direct gonioscopy uses large contact lenses requiring saline, while indirect uses smaller lenses with mirrors or prisms that utilize tear film. Gonioscopy is used to diagnose angle-closure glaucoma and other conditions by allowing visualization of the trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and other angle structures. Indentation gonioscopy, where the lens is pressed against the cornea, can differentiate appositional from synechial angle closure. Proper technique andAccommodation
AccommodationLaxmi Eye Institute
油
The document summarizes several theories of accommodation, including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, Schachar's theory, and the catenary theory. It also discusses clinical assessment of accommodation and various anomalies such as insufficiency, excess, spasm, and infacility. Treatment options mentioned include spectacle correction, vision therapy exercises to stimulate or relax accommodation, and in rare cases, cycloplegic drugs.ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation
ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixationaditi Jain
油
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.Congenital retinal anomalies
Congenital retinal anomaliesSubramaniaraj Palanisamy
油
Congenital retinal anomalies can arise from developmental defects, vascular abnormalities, infections, tumors or trauma. Clinical presentation depends on laterality and extent of vision loss. Examination may reveal colobomas, retinal folds, persistent fetal vasculature or lacunae indicative of conditions like Aicardi syndrome. Retinopathy of prematurity is a major cause of vision loss in premature infants and progresses through stages from demarcation lines to retinal detachment. Infectious etiologies can cause chorioretinitis from viruses like cytomegalovirus and parasites including toxoplasmosis. Prompt treatment is aimed at the underlying cause and prevention of complications affecting vision.Glaucoma Guided Progression Analysis - Dr Shylesh Dabke
Glaucoma Guided Progression Analysis - Dr Shylesh DabkeShylesh Dabke
油
Glaucoma progression analysis tools help doctors minimize patients' risk of vision loss over their lifetime by objectively measuring the rate of glaucoma progression. These tools analyze both structural changes from optical coherence tomography scans and functional changes from visual field tests to detect which patients are worsening rapidly and may need more aggressive treatment. While clinical judgment is still important, understanding each patient's rate of progression through these new technologies provides the best opportunity to safeguard patients' vision.Anomalies of accommodation
Anomalies of accommodationDrAzmat Ali
油
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.Log mar chart
Log mar chartOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
油
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.Orthoptics by ankit varshney
Orthoptics by ankit varshneyShree Bharatimaiya College of Optometry & Physiotherapy
油
The document provides information on evaluating cases of orthoptics. It discusses evaluating a patient's history, visual acuity, eye movements, sensory status, and degree of strabismus. The evaluation includes assessing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment using various objective tests like cover tests, assessing binocularity using stereopsis tests, and determining the presence of suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence. The document outlines the various tests used to evaluate motor and sensory functions in patients with strabismus.Visual Field in Glaucoma
Visual Field in Glaucomadocsarsi
油
The document discusses visual field testing in glaucoma. It defines the visual field and perimetry, and describes the major types of clinical perimetry tests including full threshold, SITA standard, and SITA fast on Humphrey and normal, dynamic, and TOP strategies on Octopus. It explains parameters such as test patterns, reliability, age-corrected plots, tests like GHT and Bebie curve, and global indices including MD, PSD, SF, and CPSD. The purpose of visual field testing in glaucoma is to detect and monitor disease by measuring light sensitivity across the retinal field.Similar to visual acuity (11)
visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptx
visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptxDHIR EYE HOSPITAL
油
This document provides information about visual acuity and how it is assessed. It defines visual acuity as the ability to see fine detail and distinguish shapes. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. It discusses different charts used to test visual acuity in infants, children, and adults. The document also covers how to test near visual acuity and different charts used for that.visual_acuity_(1) Presentations DHB.pptx
visual_acuity_(1) Presentations DHB.pptxDHIR EYE HOSPITAL
油
This document provides information about visual acuity and how it is assessed. It defines visual acuity as the ability to see fine detail and distinguish shapes. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. It discusses different charts used to test visual acuity in infants, children, and adults. The document also describes procedures for assessing visual acuity and what is recorded if a patient cannot read the smallest line of a chart.Visual acuity measurement
Visual acuity measurementsania aslam
油
what is visual acuity, types of charts to mearsure VA, procedure to measure VA, VA assessment in Adults, Toddlers, kids Visual Acuity Measurement, Contrast Sensitivity
Visual Acuity Measurement, Contrast SensitivityOm Patel
油
Visual acuity can be measured in 3 sentences or less as follows:
Visual acuity measurement techniques include objective tests for preverbal children like preferential looking tests and subjective letter charts for verbal children and adults. Techniques assess the smallest object or pattern that can be detected, resolved, or recognized at given distances through detection of motion in optokinetic nystagmus tests or identification of shapes, letters, or broken circles in visual acuity charts. Proper measurement requires standardized tests, distances, lighting conditions, and recording of results in accepted notation systems.dr-160404093642.pptx
dr-160404093642.pptxNouradinIbrahimOmer
油
Visual acuity can be measured through objective tests for infants and subjective tests for older children and adults. Objective tests for infants include assessing fixation behavior and preferential looking tests to determine the smallest stripes that elicit eye movement, indicating a visual acuity of 6/120 in newborns improving to 6/6 by age 3. Subjective tests include Lea symbols for toddlers and Snellen, Landolt C, or E charts for children ages 5 and up and adults.Visual acuity
Visual acuityAynulKarim
油
Visual acuity refers to the ability to see details clearly. It depends on factors like refractive error, eye health, test targets, lighting conditions. There are different types of visual acuity tasks like minimum detectable, minimum separable, minimum cognizable, minimum discriminable. The Snellen chart is commonly used to measure distance visual acuity, with results written as fractions like 6/6 or 6/60. Near acuity can be measured with charts like Jaeger or single letter charts. Visual acuity is important to properly examine in children using techniques tailored to their age and development to obtain cooperation.Visual acuity testing 
Visual acuity testing Aayush Tandon
油
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two points. It is defined as the inverse of the minimum visual angle that can be resolved by the eye. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. The Snellen chart is commonly used, with letters sized so that the big "E" subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet. Lower visual acuity is recorded with higher numbers or fractions. Tests measure visual acuity under optimal conditions and help detect vision problems and monitor eye health.Vision assessment
Vision assessmentSamuel Ponraj
油
This document provides an overview of visual assessment techniques for both adults and children. It discusses examining visual acuity, visual fields, dark adaptation, color vision, and retinal function. For adults, it describes using the Snellen chart to test distance visual acuity and Jaeger or Roman charts for near acuity. For children, techniques appropriate for different age groups are outlined, such as preferential looking tests for infants and Tumbling E, Landolt C, and HOTV tests for older children. Retinal function can be assessed using Amsler grids, photostress testing, and color vision evaluations.Visual acuity
Visual acuitypoojab25
油
This document discusses tests used to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. It describes how visual acuity is a measure of spatial resolution and the minimum angle that can be resolved. Common tests to measure visual acuity include Snellen charts for distant and near vision and Landolt C charts. Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to detect differences in luminance and is tested using gratings of different spatial frequencies. Potential vision tests like interferometry and potential acuity meters are used to estimate vision through cataracts by projecting patterns directly on the retina.
More from AyushiPatel59 (7)
Accomodation and its anomalies
Accomodation and its anomaliesAyushiPatel59
油
accomodation , anomalies , ill-sustained accomodation , inertia of accomodation , fatigue of accomodation etcRetinal detachment 
Retinal detachment AyushiPatel59
油
This document provides information on retinal detachment, including its anatomy, causes, classification, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Some key points:
- Retinal detachment occurs when the neurosensory retina separates from the pigment epithelium, usually due to a retinal break that allows fluid to pass through.
- The main types are rhegmatogenous (caused by a break), tractional (due to scar tissue), and exudative (fluid accumulation under the retina).
- Rhegmatogenous detachment is most common and usually caused by vitreous traction on predisposing lesions like lattice degeneration. Symptoms include flashes and floaters.
- Examination reveals a greyMultifocal contact lenses
Multifocal contact lensesAyushiPatel59
油
some information about the multifocal contact lens companies
and different types of contact lenses and their features.HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYEAyushiPatel59
油
TYPES
DEFINATION
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
help full for optometry students
@optometry
@ophthalmology
Allergic conjunctivitis
Allergic conjunctivitisAyushiPatel59
油
This document discusses different types of allergic conjunctivitis including simple allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), and phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC). It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of each type. Simple allergic conjunctivitis is a mild form characterized by itching, redness and tearing in response to allergens. VKC mainly affects children and presents as hard, flat topped papillae on the conjunctiva. AKC is a chronic inflammationFrame types and parts
Frame types and partsAyushiPatel59
油
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.MYOPIA A REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
MYOPIA A REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYEAyushiPatel59
油
Short note of refractive error MYOPIA
types of myopia
defination
treatment
help full for @optometry student
@optometry
@ophthalmoloyRecently uploaded (20)
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHat
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHat
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By Scholarhat
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By ScholarhatScholarhat
油
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By ScholarhatUnit 1 Computer Hardware for Educational Computing.pptx
Unit 1 Computer Hardware for Educational Computing.pptxRomaSmart1
油
Computers have revolutionized various sectors, including education, by enhancing learning experiences and making information more accessible. This presentation, "Computer Hardware for Educational Computing," introduces the fundamental aspects of computers, including their definition, characteristics, classification, and significance in the educational domain. Understanding these concepts helps educators and students leverage technology for more effective learning.
Intellectual Honesty & Research Integrity.pptx
Intellectual Honesty & Research Integrity.pptxNidhiSharma495177
油
Research Publication & Ethics contains a chapter on Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity.
Different case studies of intellectual dishonesty and integrity were discussed.How to Configure Recurring Revenue in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Configure Recurring Revenue in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
油
This slide will represent how to configure Recurring revenue. Recurring revenue are the income generated at a particular interval. Typically, the interval can be monthly, yearly, or we can customize the intervals for a product or service based on its subscription or contract. Administrative bodies( D and C Act, 1940
Administrative bodies( D and C Act, 1940P.N.DESHMUKH
油
These presentation include information about administrative bodies such as D.T.A.B
CDL AND DCC, etc.RRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ (Railway Assistant Loco Pilot)
RRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ (Railway Assistant Loco Pilot)SONU HEETSON
油
RRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ PDF Free Download. Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Mechanic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Important Questions.ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatEffective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide well discuss on the effective product variant management in Odoo 18. Odoo concentrates on managing product variations and offers a distinct area for doing so. Product variants provide unique characteristics like size and color to single products, which can be managed at the product template level for all attributes and variants or at the variant level for individual variants.
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION - 5TH SEM.pdf
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION - 5TH SEM.pdfDolisha Warbi
油
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION, Introduction, definition, types - macronutrient and micronutrient, food pyramid, meal planning, nutritional assessment of individual, family and community by using appropriate method, nutrition education, nutritional rehabilitation, nutritional deficiency disorder, law/policies regarding nutrition in India, food hygiene, food fortification, food handling and storage, food preservation, food preparation, food purchase, food consumption, food borne diseases, food poisoning
Entity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Entity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Entity Framework Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
visual acuity
- 1. VISUAL ACUITY AND ITS TESTING
- 2. Visual acuity Visual acuity is the measure of spatial resolution Of the eye or,in other words an estimation of its ability to discriminate between two separate points.
- 3. Principle The two distinct points is only be recognized as separate When they subtend an angle of 1minute of arc At nodal point of the eye
- 9. Why needed To test visual function Refractive status of the eye Criteria for Person fitness to drive Elligiblity for entrance in profession
- 20. MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY IN INFANTS.
- 21. OKN (optokinetic Nystagmus test ) Commonly used test on neonates Test object moves in one direction. Based on observation of perpendicular eye Movement In this test nystagmus is elicted By passing A succession of black n white stripes of okn drum
- 25. Visual evoke response (VER)
- 26. Teller chart
- 27. ASSESMENT OFVISUAL ACUITY OF 1TO 3 YEARS
- 29. Worth ivory Ball test
- 30. Marble game test Place marble in the hole of the box Intended to monocular visual function Vision is notef as usefull or less usefull
- 31. ASSESEMENT OFVISUAL ACUITY IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN(3-5YRS)
- 32. Landolt c chart
- 33. Broken wheel test Cards are presented With picture of cars, very familiar to the child Two cards are held before the child,he simply has to recognize which one is broken. It consist of 8 pairs of test cards and a sample pair of card
- 35. Allen card
- 36. ASSEMENT OFVISUAL ACUITY ABOVE 5YEARS
- 37. Key points
- 38. Snellen visual acuity chart
- 39. Continue..
- 40. Continue..
- 41. Disadvantages of snellen chart
- 42. Logmar chart It is logarithm of minimum angle of resolution. It consist og 5 letters in each line Based of minimum angle of resolution Have regular progression in the size and spacing Of letter from one line to next
- 43. Continue Each letter has score value of 0.02 log units Since there are 5 letters Per line The total score For a line On the Logmar chart represents a change of 0.1 log units . LogmarVA =0.1 +value Of best line read 0.02 (number of optotypes read)
- 46. Jaeger chart