Poverty
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The Bill and Merlinda Foundation was started in 1997 by Bill and Melinda Gates to help children in poor countries who were dying from diseases eliminated in the US. They were inspired to help after reading an article about millions of children dying from preventable diseases. Since then, the foundation has grown to over 1,000 employees and increased partnerships with other organizations working to reduce poverty. A brief history is given of some of the foundation's initiatives over the years, including administering polio vaccines in India in 1997, partnering with vaccine organizations in 1999, and launching an HIV/AIDS prevention branch in India in 2003.
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1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
Class Examples Mechanism
Prostaglandin Analogues Misoprostol Increases mucus & bicarbonate; decreases acid; protects mucosa
Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
Severe bleeding unresponsive to endoscopic management
Summary
Peptic ulcer disease is primarily driven by H. pylori infection and NSAID use, with duodenal ulcers more common than gastric. Treatment is tailored based on etiology and includes acid suppression, H. pylori eradication, and mucosal protection. Advanced cases may require somatostatin analogues for hemorrhage control or surgery for complications. Prostaglandin analogues like misoprostol are especially valuable in preventing NSAID-induced ulcers.Computer aided formulation development optimization
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COPD :LATEST GUIDELINES 2025
REFERENCE: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine
GOLD -2025 Guidelines
It highlights updated diagnostic criteria, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options, and current best practices for resident doctors and healthcare professionals.
Ideal for medical students, residents, and practitioners seeking an up-to-date, evidence-based reference.
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Yoga postures are commonly depicted in ancient paintings, carvings, and sculptures in almost all civilizations and religions, thus Yoga cant be described as an act of Hinduism. It originated long before any religion on Earth, with the emergence of life on the Planet. All yoga poses are natural, and what is not natural is not yoga; it is油Viyoga.
Besides Vedic Yoga, Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Yin, Restorative, Kundalini, Bikram, Sahaj, and Power yoga are some popular types.
Vinyasa油Yoga is the closest form to Vedic Yoga; it is known for its flowing movements, not very rigorous, not too much straining, actions flow with the breath.
Though all yoga may lead to meditation (Dhyan) for your inner upliftment, it is not the same as described in Hinduism for self-liberation.
In Hinduism, different paths of life looking distinct but can be practiced all together, they are: Karma Yoga (selfless action and service), Bhakti Yoga (devotion and love for God or Godly power), Jnana (Gyan) Yoga (gaining knowledge for self-realization through wisdom), Dhyan Yoga (meditation) and Kriya Yoga (optimum utilization of your vital and muscular energy).油
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Ad
Poverty
- 1. The Bill and Merlinda Foundation
- 2. Introduction Bill Gates and Melinda French were raised knowing its important to give back to the community. Both the Gates and some other French families instilled the values of volunteerism and civic engagement. Their families believed that if life happens to bless you, one should bless others as well.
- 3. Introduction In 1997, Bill and Melinda Gates read an article like this one about millions of children in poor countries who die from diseases eliminated long ago in the U.S. They felt they a passion to help these children, and the started the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Since then, the foundation has been growing and has 1151 employees now. Also, they have increased their partnership with other organizations in helping poverty
- 4. HISTORY In 1997, Bill takes his first trip to India for the foundation, administering oral polio vaccines to kids. In 1999, they partnered with Global Alliance for Vaccines & Immunizations In 2003, they Launch a HIV/AIDS Prevention Branch in India
- 5. HISTORY In 2006, Warren Buffett Pledges over $30 Billion to the Foundation. In 2008,Bill Leaves Microsoft to Work FullTime at the Foundation In 2011, World Headquarters Opens in Seattle
- 6. CREDITS GOOGLE.COM GATESFOUNDTION.ORG DONE BY: JONATHAN CHIANG PEH XUAN YING NICK CHIA NORMAN TAN