Presenting zsquare4thecure
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Zsquare4thecure is a foundation focused on raising breast cancer awareness among black women in West Africa, particularly in rural communities. Key problems include socio-economic barriers, cultural taboos, and the prevalence of triple negative breast cancer. The foundation's mission includes empowering women through education, providing screenings, and eradicating stigma, supported by various partnerships and community engagement activities.
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Classification of Peptic Ulcers
Based on Location
Gastric Ulcers Occur in the stomach lining.
Duodenal Ulcers Occur in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
Based on Etiology
H. pyloriAssociated Ulcers
NSAID-Induced Ulcers
Stress-Related Mucosal Disease (SRMD)
ZollingerEllison Syndrome (gastrinoma-related)
Cushings Ulcer (due to intracranial injury)
Curlings Ulcer (seen in burn patients)
Pharmacological Management
1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
Class Examples Mechanism
Prostaglandin Analogues Misoprostol Increases mucus & bicarbonate; decreases acid; protects mucosa
Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
Severe bleeding unresponsive to endoscopic management
Summary
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
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Presenting zsquare4thecure
- 1. Zsquare4theCure By Lisette Zounon, CC Advanced Communication Manual Technical Presentation Project #2 : The Proposal Time 8-10 min Q&A : 3- 5 min
- 2. Introduction Zsquare4theCure, is a foundation dedicated to raising awareness about breast cancer in West Africa, among black women, especially African descendants in Benin, Togo, Ghana and C担te d'Ivoire (West Africa) and women in rural communities in particular.
- 3. Facts about Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common cancer among black women. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of death among black women worldwide. Every 19 seconds , somewhere in the world , someone is diagnosed of breast cancer Every 74 seconds , someone dies from breast cancer , somewhere in the world.
- 4. Problems Socio Economic and cultural influence contribute to the nature of the tumor manifestation, progression and mortality . Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) affect more black women that all other races combined . Recent research has shown that TNBC causes may likely lay in the African ancestry.
- 5. Breast cancer in Africa High numbers of breast cancer case at the latest stage . The cost of treatment and screening is very expensive and therefore a lot of women cannot afford. Cancer is Obosam disease (devil's disease) and for which reason doctors are unable to treat the disease. Financial constraint was described as a major obstacle to accessing health care in general and breast cancer care in particular. Attitude towards breast cancer and breast screening practices varied including fear, denial and guilt.
- 6. Our Mission Empower, Educate, Eradicate Empower women in West Africa by bringing awareness to breast cancer in Benin, Togo, Ghana and 油Cote dIvoire油 Educate women in rural communities about preventives tips so breast cancer can be detected early. Eradicate the social taboo about breast cancer by providing treatments油to show that there is a life after油breast cancer.
- 7. Our Team Zsquare4thecure was created in April 2012 Lisette Zounon : from Benin, lives in Dallas, TX : Founder and CEO Laure Amegnran , from Togo , lives in Detroit , Michigan: COO Gisele Vedogbeton from Benin, lives Accra , Ghana & New York , NY: CFO Regional Coordinators in Benin, Togo, Ghana and Cote Divoire
- 8. Our Projects Awareness and Screening Campaign : provide education and information sessions about breast cancer , then a FREE Screening . Hospital , clinic , church , School , office, organization . 油"Soir辿e Espoire en Rose" is an event油to celebrate the hope for a life without breast cancer. 油 油油Collaborate with research centers for focused group based activities relevant to our communities.
- 9. Our Partnerships Experts doctors and gynecologists Nurses , pastors and clergy Media outlets Women health organization Women Leadership organization Any organization wanted to join our cause
- 10. 2013 Activities- accra, GHANA
- 11. Lome, TOGO
- 12. Zumba for the Cure
- 13. 2013 Activities 10/20 : Awareness and Screening Campaign at Gospel Light Church , Accra , Ghana 10/25: Awareness and Screening Campaign at ATBF Clinic in Lome , Togo 10/26 Zumba for the Cure,The Colony, TX TBA- Awareness and Screening Campaign in Cote Divoire and Benin
- 14. How To Get Involved Join as a volunteer or an ambassador. We called our ambassador : "Amazone-enRose"油. Attend our油油events by participating or volunteering for the success of our projects 油Find us partners and sponsors to help fund our projects . 油 Donate money the cost of an annual Screening for a women is $20. we guarantee a minimum of 80% of all revenues (donations and merchandizes sales will
- 15. How to contact us www.zsquare4thecure.org Facebook/zsquare4thecure Twitter: @Zsquare
- 16. Q&A 3-5 min