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Editor's Notes

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• #4: 450 ppm[edit] The BLUE scenarios in the IEA's?Energy Technology Perspectives?publication of 2008 describe pathways to a long-range concentration of 450 ppm.?Joseph Romm?has sketched how to achieve this target through the application of 14 wedges.[16] World Energy Outlook 2008, mentioned above, also describes a "450 Policy Scenario", in which extra energy investments to 2030 amount to?$9.3 trillion over the Reference Scenario. The scenario also features, after 2020, the participation of major economies such as?China?and?India?in a global cap-and-trade scheme initially operating in?OECD?andEuropean Union?countries. Also the less conservative 450 ppm scenario calls for extensive deployment of?negative emissions, i.e. the removal of CO2?from the atmosphere. According to the?International Energy Agency?(IEA) and OECD, "Achieving lower concentration targets (450 ppm) depends significantly on the use of?BECCS".[17]
• #5: The developing world��s ��emerging middle class�� is a critical economic and social actor because of its potential as an engine of growth, but it will also be responsible for a large share of increasing energy demand. It is well known that realising energy efficiency is obstructed by a number of challenges related to the visibility of energy efficiency and the higher upfront capital investment. A very important factor in realising energy efficiency is that investment often has to come from end-users such as industries or households. Although many scholars looked into barriers to energy efficiency deployment in developed countries, far less research looked into barriers to energy efficiency deployment in developing countries. More specifically, the emerging middle class, that will be responsible for a large share of the increase in energy demand, will have to be convinced that they will have to invest in energy efficient buildings, appliances and consumer goods, even though this may be the first time that they are able to make such investments. The fall in levels of absolute poverty suggests that a new middle class is emerging, consisting of the part of population that is neither rich nor poor by national standards. The size of the ��global middle class�� will increase from 1.8 billion in 2009 to 3.2 billion by 2020 and 4.9 billion by 2030. The bulk of this growth will come from Asia: by 2030 Asia will represent 66% of the global middle-class population and 59% of middle-class consumption, compared to 28% and 23%, respectively in 2009, according to the figure above (OECD, 2012).
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