際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Prominent landmarks from the first civilizations

Download as PPTX, PDF
E
Eva Clark

The document summarizes prominent landmarks from early civilizations, including cuneiform script, Hammurabi's laws, and the Phoenician alphabet. Cuneiform was used for over 3,000 years and administrative documents have been found at Hazor dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Hammurabi's code established laws around marriage, divorce, and compensation for injuries that aimed to solve problems. It was relatively fair for its time but has since been improved upon. The Phoenician alphabet originated the Greek alphabet, using a system of consonants adapted with vowels. These early innovations influenced the development of modern writing.

1 of 13
Download to read offline
Prominent Landmarks from the First Civilizations BY EVA CLARK
Prominent Landmarks from the First Civilizations The Origins of Cuneiform The Influence of Hammurabis Laws The Role of the Greeks Translation of the Phoenician Alphabet
CUNEIFORM Cuneiform script came to be used for more than three thousand years (Fiero 6). Hazor (a Palestinian city) is the site of the most documents containing cuneiform, and they are the most varied. Sources included school exercises, letters and administrative documents from the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (Horowitz 98). One transaction was of an administrative nature (see picture), and it listed the garments included in the order (Horowitz 99).
Two fragments of tablet, both made from clay, contained portions of Akkadian laws, similar to those of Hammurabi (Horowitz 99). Monetary values of compensation were documented for injured body parts: nose, eye, tooth, ear, and a slap to the cheek (Horowitz 100).
RELATION TO MODERN TIMES Cuneiform was a precursor to the alphabet, and followed pictographic writing. Cuneiform can best be compared to signs located on roads, in restrooms, and in other places.
The Stele of Hammurabi (see picture) contains 282 clauses and is seven feet tall (Fiero 11). Since marriage fulfills needs biologically, economically, and emotionally, laws associated with it were meant to create solutions for problems before, during, and after (Nelson 2). Marriages began with a contract, were somewhat monogamous, and offspring was the primary expectation of the wife (Nelson 4). If a wife became an adulterer, she would be thrown into the river. If she bore no children, the couple could adopt, have a surrogate, or she could be divorced (Nelson 7). HAMMURABIS LAWS
The wife (unless widowed) should be a virgin, and she could only have sexual relations with her husband. The husband, on the other hand, could sleep with anyone, as long as it was not rape, incest, or an affair with an already married woman (Nelson 8). A woman could receive financial support from her husband after divorce if she proved that she had succumbed to her husbands sexual demands, was fastidious with finances, [and] was an impeccable homemaker (Nelson 10).
RELATION TO MODERN TIMES While Hammurabis Laws were relatively fair towards women during that time period, they have been much improved upon since then. We still have contracts and alimony, but no dowry is given, and women are no longer tossed in the river for committing adultery.
GREEK TRANSLATION OF PHOENICIAN ALPHABET The Phoenician alphabet was introduced to Greece as a means to record Homers epic writings. There is a lot of speculation as to when the Greek alphabet originated, but the main consensus agrees that it may have been around the eighth century (Petrariu 190). Similar to the Phoenician alphabet, Greek is written in the same manner, from right to left (Petrariu 191).
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET It is very likely that the Greeks learned to write at around the same time the Arameans and the Hebrews became literate (Petrariu 191). The Phoenician alphabet only included twenty-two signs (see picture), and only contained consonants, like Hebrew and Arabic (Fiero 12). It was the Greeks who contributed vowels to the alphabet (Petrariu 194).
RELATION TO MODERN TIMES Our culture uses the alphabet every day. This originated from all of the alphabets before it, but is now better as a result of adaptation.
CUNEIFORM, HAMMURABIS LAWS, & THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET It is truly remarkable to see how these early landmarks influenced our civilization today, and to see how far weve come to adapt them to our current needs.
WORKS CITED Fiero, Gloria K. Landmarks in Humanities. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2013. Print. Horowitz, Wayne. Hazor: A Cuneiform City in The West. Near Eastern Archaeology 76.2 (2013): 98-101. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2015. Nelson, Lars. When the Mesopotamian Honeymoon Ends: The Code of Hammurabis Assumptions about the Roles of Spouses and Problem-solving Approach to Regulating Marriage. John Marshall Law Review 46.4 (2013): 1055. Supplemental Index. Web. 28 Jan. 2015. Petrariu, Julia. Greeks, Phoenicians And The Alphabet. Studia Antiqua Et Archeologica 19. (2013). 189-197. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2015.

More Related Content

Prominent landmarks from the first civilizations

  • 1. Prominent Landmarks from the First Civilizations BY EVA CLARK
  • 2. Prominent Landmarks from the First Civilizations The Origins of Cuneiform The Influence of Hammurabis Laws The Role of the Greeks Translation of the Phoenician Alphabet
  • 3. CUNEIFORM Cuneiform script came to be used for more than three thousand years (Fiero 6). Hazor (a Palestinian city) is the site of the most documents containing cuneiform, and they are the most varied. Sources included school exercises, letters and administrative documents from the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (Horowitz 98). One transaction was of an administrative nature (see picture), and it listed the garments included in the order (Horowitz 99).
  • 4. Two fragments of tablet, both made from clay, contained portions of Akkadian laws, similar to those of Hammurabi (Horowitz 99). Monetary values of compensation were documented for injured body parts: nose, eye, tooth, ear, and a slap to the cheek (Horowitz 100).
  • 5. RELATION TO MODERN TIMES Cuneiform was a precursor to the alphabet, and followed pictographic writing. Cuneiform can best be compared to signs located on roads, in restrooms, and in other places.
  • 6. The Stele of Hammurabi (see picture) contains 282 clauses and is seven feet tall (Fiero 11). Since marriage fulfills needs biologically, economically, and emotionally, laws associated with it were meant to create solutions for problems before, during, and after (Nelson 2). Marriages began with a contract, were somewhat monogamous, and offspring was the primary expectation of the wife (Nelson 4). If a wife became an adulterer, she would be thrown into the river. If she bore no children, the couple could adopt, have a surrogate, or she could be divorced (Nelson 7). HAMMURABIS LAWS
  • 7. The wife (unless widowed) should be a virgin, and she could only have sexual relations with her husband. The husband, on the other hand, could sleep with anyone, as long as it was not rape, incest, or an affair with an already married woman (Nelson 8). A woman could receive financial support from her husband after divorce if she proved that she had succumbed to her husbands sexual demands, was fastidious with finances, [and] was an impeccable homemaker (Nelson 10).
  • 8. RELATION TO MODERN TIMES While Hammurabis Laws were relatively fair towards women during that time period, they have been much improved upon since then. We still have contracts and alimony, but no dowry is given, and women are no longer tossed in the river for committing adultery.
  • 9. GREEK TRANSLATION OF PHOENICIAN ALPHABET The Phoenician alphabet was introduced to Greece as a means to record Homers epic writings. There is a lot of speculation as to when the Greek alphabet originated, but the main consensus agrees that it may have been around the eighth century (Petrariu 190). Similar to the Phoenician alphabet, Greek is written in the same manner, from right to left (Petrariu 191).
  • 10. PHOENICIAN ALPHABET It is very likely that the Greeks learned to write at around the same time the Arameans and the Hebrews became literate (Petrariu 191). The Phoenician alphabet only included twenty-two signs (see picture), and only contained consonants, like Hebrew and Arabic (Fiero 12). It was the Greeks who contributed vowels to the alphabet (Petrariu 194).
  • 11. RELATION TO MODERN TIMES Our culture uses the alphabet every day. This originated from all of the alphabets before it, but is now better as a result of adaptation.
  • 12. CUNEIFORM, HAMMURABIS LAWS, & THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET It is truly remarkable to see how these early landmarks influenced our civilization today, and to see how far weve come to adapt them to our current needs.
  • 13. WORKS CITED Fiero, Gloria K. Landmarks in Humanities. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2013. Print. Horowitz, Wayne. Hazor: A Cuneiform City in The West. Near Eastern Archaeology 76.2 (2013): 98-101. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2015. Nelson, Lars. When the Mesopotamian Honeymoon Ends: The Code of Hammurabis Assumptions about the Roles of Spouses and Problem-solving Approach to Regulating Marriage. John Marshall Law Review 46.4 (2013): 1055. Supplemental Index. Web. 28 Jan. 2015. Petrariu, Julia. Greeks, Phoenicians And The Alphabet. Studia Antiqua Et Archeologica 19. (2013). 189-197. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2015.