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Prostate cancer

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Autumn Placek
Autumn Placek

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death. An estimated 238,590 new cases will be diagnosed this year, with prevalence increasing up to age 70. While symptoms are often absent, screening includes a digital rectal exam and PSA blood test. Treatment depends on cancer extent and ranges from watchful waiting to surgery or radiation. Nursing diagnoses include impaired urinary elimination, sexual dysfunction, and low self-esteem due to potential changes from prostate cancer and its treatment.

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Prostate Cancer Autumn Placek & Brooke Schmidt
What is Prostate Cancer? Abnormal or malignant cells in the prostate gland It is the most common cancer in males The Second leading cause of cancer death in men Only 3% of men who have prostate cancer die from it
Prevalance An estimated 238,590 new cases will be diagnosed this year Prostate incidence increases in men up to age 70 then declines 1 in 4 newly diagnosed cancers each year are prostate cancer cases Approximately 60% of all prostate cancer cases are diagnosed in men ages 65 and older
Incidence
Signs & Symptoms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8P wRvE
H&P Assessment A thorough health history is necessary for screening which should include any family history of prostate or any other cancers Ethnicity ( African American ) increases risk Most prostate cancers are found on a routine physical prostate exam Risk assessment is based on age, ethnicity, family history, and abnormal PSA tests
Diagnostic Tests Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)- Provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas on the prostate. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)- biopsy is recommended if values are between 4.0-10.0. Elevated levels do not always signify cancer. Values may be elevated due to benign prostate hyperplasia and other conditions. Early Prostate Cancer Antigen (EPCA-2)- Serum marker that detects specific proteins that are only present in cancer cells. Trans rectal Ultrasound (TRUS)- If cancer is suspected then a biopsy is preformed. After cancer is diagnosed the patient will undergo lymph node biopsy, CT scan, & MRI to determine the extent of the disease.
Treatment Specific management if based on the extent of the disease. Watchful Waiting Some may choose observation with out immediate treatment since prostate cancer is slow growing with late metastasis. Men are monitored at regular intervals through DRE & PSA Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)- done when an obstruction occurs. Surgery is the most common intervention for a cure. Most common are: Minimally Invasive Surgery Open surgical technique for radial prostatectomy (Prostate Removal) Laparoscopic Radial Prostatectomy is done with and with out robotic assistance Newer procedures include: Transrectal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Cryosurgery
Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Urinary EliminationUrinary elimination management: Maintenance of an optimum urinary elimination pattern Sexual DysfunctionSexual counseling- Use of an interactive helping process focusing on the need to make adjustments to sexual practice or to coping with a sexual event/ disorder Situational Low Self- EsteemCoping Enhancement- Assisting a patient to adapt to perceived stressors, changes, or threats that interfere with meeting life demands and roles.
References Frazier, M. & Drzmkowski, J. (2013). Essentials of human diseases and conditions. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Sanders Springhart, D. P. (Educator) (2011). Prostate cancer: Signs, symptoms, & screenings [Web]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8PwRvE National Cancer Institute. (2012, November). Seer stat fact sheets: Prostate. Retrieved from http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2013). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

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Prostate cancer

  • 2. What is Prostate Cancer? Abnormal or malignant cells in the prostate gland It is the most common cancer in males The Second leading cause of cancer death in men Only 3% of men who have prostate cancer die from it
  • 3. Prevalance An estimated 238,590 new cases will be diagnosed this year Prostate incidence increases in men up to age 70 then declines 1 in 4 newly diagnosed cancers each year are prostate cancer cases Approximately 60% of all prostate cancer cases are diagnosed in men ages 65 and older
  • 5. Signs & Symptoms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8P wRvE
  • 6. H&P Assessment A thorough health history is necessary for screening which should include any family history of prostate or any other cancers Ethnicity ( African American ) increases risk Most prostate cancers are found on a routine physical prostate exam Risk assessment is based on age, ethnicity, family history, and abnormal PSA tests
  • 7. Diagnostic Tests Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)- Provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas on the prostate. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)- biopsy is recommended if values are between 4.0-10.0. Elevated levels do not always signify cancer. Values may be elevated due to benign prostate hyperplasia and other conditions. Early Prostate Cancer Antigen (EPCA-2)- Serum marker that detects specific proteins that are only present in cancer cells. Trans rectal Ultrasound (TRUS)- If cancer is suspected then a biopsy is preformed. After cancer is diagnosed the patient will undergo lymph node biopsy, CT scan, & MRI to determine the extent of the disease.
  • 8. Treatment Specific management if based on the extent of the disease. Watchful Waiting Some may choose observation with out immediate treatment since prostate cancer is slow growing with late metastasis. Men are monitored at regular intervals through DRE & PSA Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)- done when an obstruction occurs. Surgery is the most common intervention for a cure. Most common are: Minimally Invasive Surgery Open surgical technique for radial prostatectomy (Prostate Removal) Laparoscopic Radial Prostatectomy is done with and with out robotic assistance Newer procedures include: Transrectal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Cryosurgery
  • 9. Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Urinary EliminationUrinary elimination management: Maintenance of an optimum urinary elimination pattern Sexual DysfunctionSexual counseling- Use of an interactive helping process focusing on the need to make adjustments to sexual practice or to coping with a sexual event/ disorder Situational Low Self- EsteemCoping Enhancement- Assisting a patient to adapt to perceived stressors, changes, or threats that interfere with meeting life demands and roles.
  • 10. References Frazier, M. & Drzmkowski, J. (2013). Essentials of human diseases and conditions. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Sanders Springhart, D. P. (Educator) (2011). Prostate cancer: Signs, symptoms, & screenings [Web]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8PwRvE National Cancer Institute. (2012, November). Seer stat fact sheets: Prostate. Retrieved from http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2013). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.