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PROV Quick Reference
cmtrim@us.ibm.com

 prov:Agent
– An agent is something that bears some form of
responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of
an entity, or for another agent's activity.
 prov:Entity
– An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of
thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or
imaginary.
 prov:Activity
– An activity is something that occurs over a period of time
and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming,
processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or
generating entities.
Key Definitions

Key Definitions
 Entity to Entity
– wasInfluencedBy (broad relation)
– wasDerivedFrom
 hadPrimarySource
 wasQuotedFrom
 wasRevisionOf
– alternateOf
 specializationOf
 Entity to Agent
– wasAttributedTo
 Entity to Activity
– wasGeneratedBy
– wasInvalidatedBy

Key Definitions
 Agent to Entity
– (none)
 Agent to Agent
– actedOnBehalfOf
 Agent to Activity
– (none)

Key Definitions
 Activity to Entity
– used
– wasEndedBy
– wasStartedBy
 Activity to Agent
– wasAssociatedWith
 Activity to Activity
– wasInformedBy

actedOnBehalfOf
 An object property to express the
accountability of an agent towards another
agent. The subordinate agent acted on
behalf of the responsible agent in an actual
activity.
Agent to Agent

alternateOf
 Two alternate entities present aspects of the
same thing. These aspects may be the same
or different, and the alternate entities may or
may not overlap in time
Entity to Entity

hadPrimarySource
 A primary source for a topic refers to something produced by some
agent with direct experience and knowledge about the topic, at the
time of the topic's study, without benefit from hindsight.
 Because of the directness of primary sources, they 'speak for
themselves' in ways that cannot be captured through the filter of
secondary sources. As such, it is important for secondary sources to
reference those primary sources from which they were derived, so that
their reliability can be investigated.
 A primary source relation is a particular case of derivation of
secondary materials from their primary sources. It is recognized that
the determination of primary sources can be up to interpretation, and
should be done according to conventions accepted within the
application's domain.
Entity to Entity

used
 A prov:Entity that was used by this
prov:Activity.
 For example,
:baking prov:used :spoon, :egg, :oven
Activity to Entity

wasAssociatedWith
 An prov:Agent that had some (unspecified)
responsibility for the occurrence of this
prov:Activity
Activity to Agent

wasAttributedTo
 Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an
agent
Entity to Agent

wasDerivedFrom
 A derivation is a transformation of an entity
into another, an update of an entity resulting
in a new one, or the construction of a new
entity based on a pre-existing entity.
Entity to Entity

wasEndedBy
 End is when an activity is deemed to have
ended. An end may refer to an entity, known
as trigger, that terminated the activity
Activity to Entity

wasGeneratedBy
 Generation is the completion of production of
a new entity by an activity. This entity did not
exist before generation and becomes
available for usage after this generation.
Entity to Activity

wasInfluencedBy
 Because prov:wasInfluencedBy is a broad
relation, its more specific subproperties (e.g.
prov:wasInformedBy, prov:actedOnBehalfOf,
prov:wasEndedBy, etc.) should be used
when applicable.
(Activity, Agent, Entity)

wasInformedBy
 An activity a2 is dependent on or informed by
another activity a1, by way of some
unspecified entity that is generated by a1 and
used by a2
Activity to Activity

wasInvalidatedBy
 Invalidation is the start of the destruction,
cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by
an activity. The entity is no longer available
for use (or further invalidation) after
invalidation. Any generation or usage of an
entity precedes its invalidation.
Entity to Activity

wasQuotedFrom
 An entity is derived from an original entity by
copying, or 'quoting', some or all of it
Entity to Entity

wasRevisionOf
 A revision is a derivation that revises an
entity into a revised version
Entity to Entity

wasStartedBy
 Start is when an activity is deemed to have
started. A start may refer to an entity, known
as trigger, that initiated the activity.
Activity to Entity

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