psycunitvii-160322115252.pdf
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The document provides an overview of personality including: 1) Definitions of personality from Gordon Allport and characteristics including being unique, dynamic, and influenced by heredity and environment. 2) Theories of personality including type, trait, and developmental theories. 3) Assessment techniques for personality including projective tests like Rorschach inkblots, interviews, and questionnaires.
psycunitvii-160322115252.pdf
- 3. Personality: Meaning Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory Integrated Personality Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non- Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
- 4. Meaning Latin word persona -the mask worn by the actors while playing their role in the drama PERSONALITY P Perception capacity E Emotional maturity R responsiveness to the situation S Sociability O Originality N Neutrality A Appearance (external) L Leadership feeling I Integrated T Tendency Y Young (in thinking)
- 5. Definition Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment - Gordon W. Allport
- 6. Characteristics of Personality Whole rather than its parts Unique Comprises of heredity and environment Made up of traits Dynamic Organized
- 7. Development of Personality Physique Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Sex Gland Chemique Environment Home School Society Cultural Difference Learning
- 8. Factors influencing Personality Development Personality Factors Biological Factors Physique Chemique Nervous System Sociological Factors Home School Language Culture Psychological Factors Intelligence Motivation Emotion Attitude Interest Sentiment
- 9. Theories of Personality Type Theory Trait Theory Type cum Trait Theory
- 10. Type theory Hippocrates Classification Choleric Emotionally weak, bodily strong and easily tempted Melencholic Emotionally and bodily weak Pessimist Phlegmatic Emotionally strong able to control his emotions - bodily weak lazy type always happy Senguine Bodily strong Energetic control type an optimist
- 11. Kretschmers Classification Body Type Body Characteristics Personality Characteristics Pyknic Fat types, in whom fat is more than muscle Social and helping to others Athletic Healthy, balance between muscles and bone development Energetic, optimist can adjust to any situation Asthenic Thin, and lean tall, no muscle, only bone Unsociable, shy, pessimist and always alone
- 12. Sheldons Classification Body Type Body Characteristics Personality Characteristics Endomorphy No muscle development etc. prominent stomach Takes everything easy, sociable and affectionate Mesomorphy Balance between development of stomach and bones Likes to work, interested in adventurous activities Ectomorphy Weak, tall, thin Pessimist, unsociable and alone
- 14. Trait Theory R.B.Cattell Surface Traits Source Traits
- 15. Type-cum-Trait Theory Hans J. Eysenck Introvert Extrovert Neurotic Psychotic
- 16. Psychoanalytic Theory Id Pleasure Principle Unconscious mind Ego Reality Principle Sub-conscious mind Superego Conscience Conscious mind
- 17. Freuds Psycho-sexual Development Theory of Personality Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
- 18. Freuds Psycho-sexual Development Theory of Personality
- 19. Integrated Personality Self-actualized personality Emotionally and socially mature individual Well adjusted personality
- 20. Harmony between five Aspects of personality Harmony between ones abilities and capabilities Harmony among ones interest Harmony between ones abilities and interest Harmony between ones self concept and social constraints Harmony between ones life goals and social codes of conduct
- 21. Allport Self extension Self Objectification Be yourself and accept yourself
- 23. Assessment of Personality Subjective Methods Objective Methods Projective Methods
- 24. Subjective Methods Case History Autobiography Self-rating Eliciting verbal responses of the subject Questionnaires Attitude Scales Inventories Interview Aptitude Tests Interest Inventories
- 25. Objective Methods Personality Inventories Observation Check list Rating Scale Sociogram Performance and Situational Tests
- 26. Projective Methods Perceptive Technique (Rorschach Ink-blot Test) Apperceptive Technique Thematic Apperceptive Test (T.A.T) Sentence Completion Test Story telling and Story Completion Test Free association and Dream Analysis Test Productive Technique
- 27. Self-rating Subject rates himself Susceptible to distortions due to self-interest Rating by others is more objective and valid Factors like personal bias, generosity error, inaccuracies due to the ambiguity of the rating scale Hallo effect - affect the reliability and validity of rating
- 28. Questionnaires Device for securing answers to questions by using an inquiry form which the respondent fills in himself. In it, various important questions regarding the topic under investigation or personality traits will find a place - Good & Hatt
- 29. Types of Questionnaires Closed Form or Restricted Questionnaire Yes or No, Short response Open Form or Unrestricted Questionnaire Free-response or unstructured form
- 30. Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire
- 31. Attitude Scales or Opinionnaire Opinion and Attitude are allied but not Synonymous terms Attitude - Inner feeling or belief of a person towards a particular phenomenon Opinion what a person says about his attitude towards some phenomenon
- 32. Types of Attitude Scales Thurstone Technique of Scaled Values Likert Method of Summated Ratings
- 33. Thurstone Technique of Scaled Values 20 or more statements express groups, institution, idea or practice Submitted panel of 50 or more judges 11 groups assigning a position to an item Disagreement discarded Median scale value falls between 1 to 11 Given to the subjects check - agreement responses - quantified
- 34. Likert Method of Summated Ratings Without the panel of judges Less time and efforts to construct Collecting a number of statements Express definite favourableness or unfavourableness Approximately equal statements Trial test administrated to the subjects Eliminate ambiguous SA, A, U, DA & SDA Favourable statements 5, 4, 3, 2 & 1 Unfavourable statements 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 50 * 5 = 250 Most Favourable response 50 * 3 = 150 Neutral attitude 50 * 1 = 50 Most Unfavourable attitude
- 35. Inventories Personality Inventories Similar to Questionnaire Form of statements Respondent mark one among three positions Analysis nature of the personality Sl.No. Statements Always Sometimes Never 1 When speaking to strangers, I feel a bit of nervousness in me
- 36. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality (MMPI) S.R. Hathaway and J.C. Mekinky 550 statements True, false and cannot say 16 years and older ones Nine clinical scales - Hypochondriasis (HS) Depression (D) Hysteria (HY) Psychopathetic deviant (Pd) Masculinity and feminity interest (Mf) Paronia (Pa) Psychosthenia (Pt) Wschizophrenia (Sc) Hypomania (Ma)
- 37. Bells Adjustment Inventory Available in two forms school students & adults School students 140 items Four domains Family, health, community and emotions 35 items for each domain
- 38. Interview Oral questionnaire Interviewer & Interviewee Verbal information, face-to-face relationship Introductory, Fact finding, Diagnostic or Prognostic Has a Beginning establish Rapport Middle elicit information regarding personality traits End terminate the interview on a cordial note by thanking the interviewee Noted down or tape recorded - analysis
- 39. Types of Interview Functions 1.Diagnostic 2.Clinical 3.Research Number of Participants 1.Individual 2.Group 3.Single Interviewer 4.Panel of Interviewers Format of Response 1.Structured 2.Non-structured 1.Non-directive 2.Focused 3.Depth
- 40. Requisites of a Good Interview Proper Preparation Skillful evaluation Adequate recording and interpretation
- 41. Limitations An Art and skill not present in all Subjectively involved biggest limitation Interviewer dominate or humiliate Interviewer thrust his ideas on the interviewee
- 42. Uses of Interview Best option to collect information Children, senior citizen, patients, illiterate persons and VIP in the society Student admission, filling vacant posts, student counselling, occupational guidance, medical counselling and judicial enquiry Research historical studies, clinical studies and survey
- 43. Aptitude Tests Science, literature as the latent potentialities or skills Converted into special skills Potentiality of clerical Trained further to write exams in IAS and IPS cadres Group I or II services
- 44. Measurement of Aptitude Differential Aptitude Tests 1. Verbal reasoning 2. Numerical ability 3. Abstract reasoning 4. Space relations 5. Mechanical Reasoning 6. Clerical speed and accuracy 7. Language usage Spelling and Grammar First three (1, 2, 3) measure the functions related to general intelligence 4, 5, 6 & 7 measure specific aptitudes
- 45. Interest Inventories The tools used for describing and measuring interests of individuals Interest Inventories or Interest Blanks Self-report instruments in which the individuals note their own likes and dislikes Frequently used in educational and vocational guidance and in case studies Defined as eagerness, attention, curiosity, likes and dislikes
- 46. Measurement of Interest E.K.Strongs Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) G.F.Kuder Preference Record (KPR)
- 47. E.K.Strongs Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) Classified for men, women, students and those who left the school long back Blank for men 420 items with 8 divisions Subject will indicate Like (L), Dislike (D) and Indifference (I) - Symbols 40 to 55 minutes 17 years of age and above
- 48. G.F.Kuder Preference Record (KPR) High school and college198 items Comprises of three preferences Ten fields outdoor, mechanical, computational, scientific, persuasive, artistic, literacy, musical, social service and clerical
- 49. Observation External behaviour of persons in appropriate situations Controlled or uncontrolled Expert, purposive, systematic, carefully focused and thoroughly recorded Should be accurate, valid and reliable Tools such as check list and score-card, tape- recorder, thermometers, audiometer, stop- watch, binoculars etc.
- 50. Use of Observation In descriptive research Significant aspects of personality which express themselves in behaviour Physical aspects of school buildings or students and teachers through physical examination, measurement, assessment and comparison with fixed standards In classroom learning behaviour Cumulative record anecdotal evidence research studies
- 52. Requisites of a Good Observation Proper Planning Skilful Execution Recording and Interpreting Observation
- 53. Check List Consisting of prepared list of items Used to record the presence or absence of the item By checking yes or no or by inserting the appropriate word or number Matter of fact and not judgement or opinion In educational studies Educational appraisal studies of school buildings, text books, facilities available Recreation, laboratory, library etc.
- 54. Rating Scale Personality of a individual is not assessed by himself but by other persons who know the individual well Student teacher Teacher rating, personality rating, testing the validity of many objective instruments like paper-pencil inventories of personality & School appraisal
- 55. Limited number of items to which values on a scale have to be assigned The value be represented in the form of a number or one among a series of worded descriptions Usual to have 5 to 7 points on the scale for every item to be rated Highly emotional Occasionally emotional Socially average Very rarely emotional Not at all emotional
- 56. Limitations Hallo Effect Rater frequently carry over one generalised impression of the person from one rating to another Generosity Error Rater develops a tendency to over estimate the desirable qualities of the rate whom he likes Constant Error There is a tendency on the part of the rater to see others as opposite to himself on a trait Average Category Rater have a tendency to play it safe and may mark all items in the centre
- 57. Means of reducing errors Hallo Effect Various ratings of different persons made independently - without being aware rating the same person again Generosity Error By using relatively neutral descriptive terms for the scale positions rather than evaluative ones Constant Error To train the raters carefully and make them aware of the possibility of such bias in rating Average Category By splitting the middle point into two above average and below average
- 58. Sociogram Graphic way of representing the data Stars Chosen most often located near the centre of the diagram and the ones chosen less often are placed progressively outward Isolates Not chosen by others outside Y-shape Chain Circular
- 59. Performance or Productive Performance of the subject - oWhat he draws oWhat object he makes of plastic clay oHow he plays a role
- 61. Psychodrama Play a role spontaneously in a situation Behaviour is observed by trained observers Used to assess the personality of maladjusted persons Director or therapist organising situations subject may express his bottled up emotions Central principle spontaneity of the individual
- 62. Sociodrama Portrays problem with which the audience is concerned Deals with the problems of the group, its structure and thinking E.g. modern pictures written and directed by creative thinkers They reflect on the screen corruptions, nepotism, favouritism and redtapism of the administrative set up
- 63. Projective Techniques To evaluate unconscious behaviour of the individuals Total personality of an individual By projection Relatively indefinite and unstructured stimuli provided to the subject asked to structure them way he likes Unconsciously projects his own desires, hopes, fears, repressed wishes, etc
- 64. Ink-Blot Test Hermann Rorschach (1882 1922) Swiss Psychiatrist - Developed 1921 Died 1922 Test Material Administration Scoring Interpretation
- 65. Test Material 10 cards Ink-blots Patterns Stiff cardboard of 8*10 5 blots Black and Grey (Card No. 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7) Two Black and Red (Card No. 2 and 3) Three multi coloured (Card No. 8, 9 and 10) Ink-blots highly unstructured Do not have any specific meaning
- 66. Administration Presented at a time in a particular order Individual asked specify what he/she in it Own time and permitted to give any number of responses he likes Experiments take note of the responses given by the subject And the time taken for each card
- 67. Scoring Responses are entered in specific symbols In four columns Location Content Originality Determinants
- 68. Location Part of the blot with which the subject associates his response is identified Given by symbols W- whole Blot D- Large details d- Small details s- white spaces
- 69. Content Content of the response realised by the subject Symbols are given H- Human forms Hd- Human details Ad- Animal details N- Natural objects like rivers, mountains etc O- Inanimate objects like lamp, shade etc
- 70. Originality Response id original symbol O If it is popularly recognised by many individuals symbol - P
- 71. Determinants Emphasises the manner of perception Symbol Form F Colour C Movement M Shading - K
- 72. Scores are entered in a tabular form Location Content Originality Determinants Symbols W D d s H A Hd Ad N P O F C K M Frequency
- 73. Interpretation If the number of W is greater the d Subject is considered as mature and intelligent If colour is more than movement subject is considered as extrovert Poor colour naming responses considered to indicate lack of emotional control If the individual sees human beings, he/she is regarded as stable If animal - Unstable
- 74. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Henry Murray in 1943 Later fully developed C.D.Morgan 30 pictures Expose human beings - a variety of life situations and a blank white card Total 31 cards Pictures vague and indefinite Four sets of cards suited to different age and sex groups Conducted in two sessions Atleast a gap of one day in between Using 10 pictures in each session
- 75. Set I 20 pictures girls below the age of 14 years Set II 20 pictures boys below the age of 14 years Set III 20 pictures females above the age of 14 years Set IV 20 pictures males above the age of 14 years
- 76. Administration Pictures are presented at a single time Vague and indefinite Subject asked develop a story to each picture in a allotted time The story of the subject should be centered round the following question - o What is happening in the picture? o What has led to the scene? o What is being thought of? o What will happen?
- 77. Scoring Hero of the story Theme of the story Style of the story Content of the story Test situation as a whole Particular emphasis or omissions Subjects attitude towards authority and sex Outcome
- 78. Sentence Completion Test Introduced by Pyane Subject given sentences which he is encouraged to complete in any way he likes Sentences are The future . I fear . I am very . I feel hurt . I dislike .. I like . No one ..
- 79. Subject gives a clue to certain repressed desires Subject feels to write unco9nsciously reveals the conscious part of his mind Making an interpretation 3 categories Positive of healthy responses Negative or unhealthy responses Neutral responses Useful in applying projective technique to a group of individuals
- 80. Story Telling and Story Completion Test Children informed about the beginning of the story Narrating - Father, mother, their son and daughter going to a picnic on the banks of a river While parents are preparing food two children playing suddenly, some one screams. Person who is being studied asked to complete it Reveal something about his feeling and desires Psychologist traits of personality of the child way he finishes the story
- 81. Free Association Test Developed Jung Further elaborated by Kent and Rosanoff Involves uttering of a Stimulus word by the tester Subject responds immediately by another word Time taken long indicate blocks need some more probing Response desires personality
- 82. Dream Analysis Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung Find out repressed unconscious desires, emotions and feelings of individual men and women First psycho-analyst wins the confidence of the subject Subject asked take a comfortable position and recline on a sofa Encouraged to talk about his trouble, freely Certain point stops free conversation and resists in expressing ideas freely Many sittings came to know significant factors of personality
- 83. Analysis of Dream 5 steps Ask the dreamer to describe his dream and write it out Ask the dreamer to list all the components of the dream, be the people, place, events or circumstances Next make the dreamer write down all his associations to each of the dream elements Investigator tries to amplify the dream Dreamer is asked to think and describe about yesterdays events vividly