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Quality Tools and Techniques
• Submitted to:
• Prof. Atif Hussain Sb
• By:
• Sajid Ali
• MQPM-14-20
MSc.QPM (Afternoon) Sem#02

Quality Tools and Techniques
Basics New and Old Tools in Quality

1. Check Sheets
• The Check Sheet is a simple document that is used for collecting data in
real time and at the location where the data is generated. The document is
typically a blank form that is designed for the quick, easy, and efficient
recording of the desired information, which can be either quantitative or
qualitative. When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is
sometimes called a tally sheet. The check sheet is one of the seven basic
tools of quality control.
• A defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data is recorded by
making marks (“checks”) on it. A typical check sheet is divided into
regions, and marks made in different regions have different significance.
Data is read by observing the location and number of marks on the sheet.

Visual Overview of the Problem Areas

2. Histogram
• A histogram is a bar graph-like representation of data that buckets
a range of outcomes into columns along the x-axis.
• The y-axis represents the number count or percentage of
occurrences in the data for each column and can be used to
visualize data distributions.

3. Pareto Chart
• Pareto chart which combines a bar
chart and a line chart.
• The horizontal axis of a Pareto
chart shows main elements which
influence the quality of a program.
The sequence of those elements is
less and less important from left to
right. Besides, left vertical axis of
the chart represents the frequency
of occurrence while the right
vertical axis shows the cumulative
percentage. Thus, the height of
each bar acts as influencing the
degree of each element and the
upper line indicates the cumulative
frequency line.

4. Scatter Plot
• Scatter chart is a graph of plotted points
that show the relationship between two
sets of data.
• Scatter charts are used to investigate the
possible relationship between two
variables that both relate to the same
"event".
• Scatter charts are similar to line charts in
that they use horizontal and vertical axes
to plot data points.
• However, scatter charts have a very
specific purpose. Scatter charts show how
much one variable is affected by another.

5.FlowChart
• A flowchart is simply a graphical representation of steps. It shows steps in
sequential order and is widely used in presenting the flow of algorithms,
workflow or processes.
• Typically, a flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their
order by connecting them with arrows.
Here are some of the most common shapes:
• Start/End:- Use this shape for the first and last step of your process.
• Process:- This shape represents a typical step in process. This is the
most frequently used shape in almost every process.

• Decision:- This Diamond shape indicates a point where the outcome of a
decision dictates the next step. There can be multiple outcomes, but often
there are just two — yes and no.
• Sub-process:- Use this shape for a set of steps that combine to create a
sub-process that is defined elsewhere, often on another page of the same
document. This is useful if the diagram is very long and complex.
• Document:- This shape represents a step that results in a document.
• Data:- This shape indicates that information is coming into the process
from outside, or leaving the process. This shape can also be used to
represent materials and is sometimes called an Input/Output shape.

• On-page reference:- This small circle indicates that the next (or previous)
step is somewhere else on the drawing. This is particularly useful for large
flowcharts where you would otherwise have to use a long connector,
which can be hard to follow.
• Off-page reference:- When you drop this shape onto your drawing page,
a dialog box opens where you can create a set of hyperlinks between two
pages of a flowchart or between a sub-process shape and a separate
flowchart page that shows the steps in that sub-process.

6. Cause and Effect (Fishbone) Diagram
• Cause and effect diagram:- Is an
analytical approach where a problem
or outcome is examined in the light of
potential causes that are organized or
broken down into smaller causes or
contributing factors.
• There are several instances where
fishbone diagram or cause and effect
diagram can be applied, especially in
manufacturing processes or different
business scenarios. For instance, if a
printer is giving faulty printouts the
causes are looked at. These could be
quality of paper, printer cartridge not
working properly, inbuilt printing
program having a glitch and so forth.

7. Control Chart
• The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over
time. Data are plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central
line for the average, an upper line for the upper control limit, and a lower
line for the lower control limit. These lines are determined from historical
data.

* New Management and Planning Tools
1. Affinity Diagrams
2. Interrelationship diagraphs
3. Process Decision Program Charts
4. Tree Diagrams
5. Matrix Diagrams
6. Activity Network Diagrams
7. Prioritization Matrices

1. Affinity Diagrams
• Affinity diagrams are used to organize a set of data or information based
on their relationship to each other. This is normally done during the
brainstorming phase of a project. Once ideas are grouped by themes, it
will be easier for participants to draw connections between them, identify
potential problems and solutions to them.
• Affinity diagrams are useful when it comes to sorting out large groups of
data. It is also great for encouraging creative thinking, as commonalities
and patterns between large sets of data might not be immediately
obvious.

2. Interrelationship digraphs
• Interrelationship digraphs show cause-and-effect relationships, and help
analyze the natural links between different aspects of a complex situation.
• Explores the cause and effect relationships among all the issues,
including the most controversial

3. Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)
• The process decision program chart (PDPC) is defined as a new
management planning tool that systematically identifies what might go
wrong in a plan under development. Countermeasures are developed to
prevent or offset those problems. By using PDPC, you can either revise
the plan to avoid the problems or be ready with the best response when a
problem occurs.

4. Tree Diagram
• A tree diagram is a new management planning tool that depicts the
hierarchy of tasks and subtasks needed to complete and objective. The
tree diagram starts with one item that branches into two or more, each of
which branch into two or more, and so on.
•

5. Matrix Diagram
• A Matrix Diagram is a table that allows sets of data to be compared in
order to make better decisions. It displays the existence and strength of
relationship between pairs of items of two or more sets. The relationship is
then indicated by a number or symbol in each cell where the two items
intersect in the matrix.

6. Activity Network Diagram
• An Activity Network Diagram is a diagram of project activities that shows
the sequential relationships of activities using arrows and nodes.
An activity network diagram tool is used extensively in and is necessary
for the identification of a project’s critical path (which is used to determine
the expected completion time of the project). Example: Suppose the team
is tasked with improving the process of building a house. The team lists
the major steps involved – everything from the excavation step through
the landscaping step.
•

7. Prioritization Matrix
• A Prioritization Matrix is a decision-making method that allows to select
the most appropriate alternative after evaluating multiple conflicting
criteria. It provides a way to prioritize a list of items into an order of
importance in order to select and decide further actions.

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