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PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
Pankaj jagdalePankaj jagdale

WHAT IS RADAR?WHAT IS RADAR?
RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is aRADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is a
way to detect and study far off targets byway to detect and study far off targets by
transmitting a radio pulse in the direction oftransmitting a radio pulse in the direction of
the target and observing the reflection of thethe target and observing the reflection of the
wave.wave.

Radar observables:
• Target range
• Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
• Target size (radar cross section)
• Target speed (Doppler)
Antenna
Transmitted
Pulse
Target
Cross
Section
Propagation
Reflected
Pulse
(“echo”)

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSINGRADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
a) Distance Measurementa) Distance Measurement
1. transit time1. transit time
2. frequency modulation2. frequency modulation
b) Speed measurementb) Speed measurement
c) Reduction of interference effectsc) Reduction of interference effects
d) Plot and track extractiond) Plot and track extraction

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Transit time:
1.The round trip time for the radar pulse to get to
the target and return is measured.
2.The distance is proportional to this time.
3. The distance is one half the product of the round
trip time and the speed of the signal.

Radar Range Measurement
Transmitted
Pulse
Reflected
Pulse
Range
Target
• Target range =
cτ
2
where c = speed of light
τ = round trip time

FREQUENCY MODULATION
Another form of distance measuring radar is based on
frequency modulation.
Frequency comparison between two signals is
considerably more accurate, even with older
electronics, than timing the signal.
By measuring the frequency of the returned signal
and comparing that with the original, the difference
can be easily measured.

2. Speed measurement
Speed is the change in distance to an object with
respect to time.
 Thus the existing system for measuring distance,
combined with a memory capacity to see where
the target last was, is enough to measure speed.
There is another effect that can be used to make
almost instant speed measurements known as the
Doppler effect.

REDUCTION OF INTERFERENCE
EFFECTS:
Signal processing is employed in radar systems to
reduce the radar interference effects.
Signal processing technique include MTI, pulse
Doppler, constant false alarm rate and digital terrain
model(DTM) are also used in clutter environments.

Doppler effect:
The Doppler effect is a frequency shift that results
from relative motion between a frequency source and
a listener.
The Doppler shift is directly proportional to speed
between source and listener, frequency of the source,
and the speed the wave travels.

The signal processor is that part of the system which
separates targets from clutter on the basis of Doppler
content and amplitude characteristics.
In modern radar sets the conversion of radar signals
to digital form is typically accomplished after IF
amplification and phase sensitive detection.

Military application
Navigational radars
Radar altimeters
Air traffic control
Law enforcement and highway safety

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Radar

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