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- 2. Radiology is a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease. 2
- 3. 1.Diagnostic Radiology 2.Therapeutic Radiology Samra Zahoor 3rd December, 2020 3
- 4. Radiology can refer to two sub-fields, diagnostic radiology and therapeutic radiology. 1. Diagnostic radiology is concerned with the use of various imaging modalities to aid in the diagnosis of disease. 2. Therapeutic radiology or, as it is now called, radiation oncology uses radiation to treat diseases such as cancer using a form of treatment called radiation therapy. 4
- 5. 1.Diagnostic radiology Diagnostic imaging refers to a variety of non- invasive methods for identifying and monitoring diseases or injuries by analyzing images. Commonly used techniques for diagnostic radiology includes Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Ultrasound X-rays Nuclear imaging techniques 5
- 6. X-r a y s 6 X-rays are basically electromagnetic radiations which are used to create images of inside yourbody. The images show the parts of your body in different shades of black and white due to different level of absorption of x-rays by differenttissues Calcium in bones absorbs x-rays the most, so bones look white. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs the least, so lungs lookblack.
- 7. The most familiar use of x-rays is checking for broken bones However, x-rays are also used in other ways. For example, chest x-rays can spotpneumonia. Mammograms use x-rays to look for breastcancer. 7
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- 9. Computed tomography (CT) is a type of imaging. It uses special x-ray equipment to makecross- sectional pictures of your body. CT scans are used to look for: Broken bones Cancers Blood clots Signs of heart disease Internal bleeding Computed Tomography 9
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- 11. MRI 11 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord.
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- 14. Nuclearmedicine 14 Nuclear scans use radioactive substances to see structures and functions inside yourbody. They use a special camera that detectsradioactivity. Nuclear scans can help in the diagnosis of many conditions, including cancers, injuries, and infections. They can also show how organs like your heart and lungs areworking. The heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, gallbladder, and bones are commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these techniques.
- 15. Ultrasound 15 Ultrasound is a type of imaging. It uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body. Health care professionals use it to view the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, and other organs. During pregnancy, doctors use ultrasound to view the fetus. Unlike x-rays, ultrasound does not expose youto radiation.
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- 17. 2. Therapeutic radiology/ Radiation therapy/Radiation oncology 17
- 18. Introduction to Radiation Oncology 18 Radiation has been an effective tool for treating cancer for more than 100 years. About two-thirds of all cancer patients will receive radiation therapy as part of their treatment.
- 19. Brief History of Radiation Therapy 19 The first patient was treated with radiation in 1896, two months after the discovery of the X-ray. Back then, both doctors and non- physicians treated cancer patients with radiation. Rapid technology advances began in the early 1950s with cobalt units followed by linear accelerators a few years later. Recent technology advances have made radiation more effective and precise.
- 20. What Is Radiation Therapy? 20 Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA within cancer cells and destroying their ability to reproduce. When the damaged cancer cells are destroyed by radiation, the body naturally eliminates them. Normal cells can be affected by radiation, but they are able to repair themselves. Sometimes radiation therapy is the only treatment a patient needs. Other times, it is combined with other treatments, like surgery and chemotherapy.
- 21. Methods of Delivering Radiation Therapy 21 Early 1950s Today
- 22. How Is Radiation Therapy Used? 22 Radiation therapy is used in two different ways. To cure cancer: Destroy tumors that have not spread to other body parts. Reduce the risk that cancer will return after surgery or chemotherapy. To reduce symptoms: Shrink tumors affecting quality of life, like a lung tumor that is causing shortness of breath. Alleviate pain by reducing the size of a tumor.
- 23. Types of Radiation Therapy 23 Radiation therapy can be delivered two ways externally and internally. External beam radiation therapy delivers radiation using a linear accelerator. Internal radiation therapy, called brachytherapy or seed implants, involves placing radioactive sources inside the patient. The type of treatment used will depend on the location, size and type of cancer.
- 24. External Radiation Therapy Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) Uses CT or MRI scans to create a 3-D picture of the tumor. 24 Specialized types: Beams are precisely directed to avoid radiating normal tissue. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) A specialized form of 3D-CRT. Radiation is broken into many beamlets and the intensity of each can be adjusted individually.
- 25. External Radiation Therapy 25 Proton Beam Therapy Uses protons rather than X-rays to treat certain types of cancer. Allows doctors to better focus the dose on the tumor with the potential to reduce the dose to nearby healthy tissue. Neutron Beam Therapy A specialized form of radiation therapy that can be used to treat certain tumors that are very difficult to kill using conventional radiation therapy. Stereotactic Radiotherapy Sometimes called stereotactic radiosurgery, this technique allows the radiation oncologist to precisely focus beams of radiation to destroy certain tumors, sometimes in only one treatment.
- 26. Internal Radiation Therapy 26 Places radioactive material into tumor or surrounding tissue. Also called brachytherapy brachy Greek for short distance. Radiation sources placed close to the tumor so large doses can hit the cancer cells. Allows minimal radiation exposure to normal tissue. Radioactive sources used are thin wires, ribbons, capsules or seeds. These can be either permanently or temporarily placed in the body.
- 27. Side Effects of Radiation Therapy 27 Side effects, like skin tenderness, are generally limited to the area receiving radiation. Unlike chemotherapy, radiation usually doesnt cause hair loss or nausea. Most side effects begin during the second or third week of treatment. Side effects may last for several weeks after the final treatment.
- 28. Is Radiation Therapy Safe? 28 Many advances have been made in the field to ensure it remains safe and effective. Multiple healthcare professionals develop and review the treatment plan to ensure that the target area is receiving the dose of radiation needed. The treatment plan and equipment are constantly checked to ensure proper treatment is being given.
- 29. Questions? 29