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Reconceiving Diplomacy: How Dubai Reaches out into the World

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Kai Bruns
Kai Bruns

This document discusses the evolution of diplomacy and the increasing role of cities in diplomacy. It notes that diplomacy now includes non-state actors like cities due to their economic and political importance. Cities are becoming more active in diplomacy through bilateral agreements and participation in multilateral networks and institutions. The document analyzes Dubai's city diplomacy, noting it has 32 partner cities but no strategic approach and does not lead in multilateral organizations. It concludes Dubai could improve its city diplomacy by creating a strategic framework to better coordinate actors and identify policy priorities.

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RECONCEIVING DIPLOMACY? F R O M T E L E G R A P H T O S M A R T P H O N E F R O M A D H O C M I S S I O N S T O P A R A D I P L O M A C Y Research Question How is the increasing importance of non-state actors, particularly that of cities, changing the way we think of diplomacy?
OVERVIEW 1. Conceptualization of diplomacy/ city diplomacy How did diplomacy change? Is city diplomacy diplomacy at all? 2. Increased importance of cities Why are cities becoming more active in diplomacy? Why do states tolerate NSAs in diplomacy? 3. City diplomacy network: bilateral and multilateral What are the areas and forms of city diplomacy? 4. Dubais outreach into the world How does Dubai structure its city diplomacy?
MODERN EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY The police in grand costume (Napoleon, 1805) The science or art of negotiation (Martens, 1866) Management of international relations by negotiation, and the method these relations are adjusted by ambassadors and envoys. (Harold Nicolson, 1939) 1961 VCDR stresses the diplomatic function Dialogue between states. (Adam Watson, 1982) 17th to 19th Post 1919 Post 1945 Post 1991 Reprensentation + Interaction in international system + States & NSA Global Governance Para- Diplomacy
CONCEPTUALIZING DIPLOMACY G L O B A L G O V E R N A N C E Global challenges cannot be met by states alone Growing # NSA Juxta position to diplomacy P A R A D I P L O M A C Y 1970s new federalism Non-central but governmental 3 dimensions: economic cultural cooperation political Diplomacy has become more inclusive with changing roles and legitimacy not only based on sovereignty but also on expertise, interest and power to influence outcomes.
INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES We are the level of government closest to the majority of the worlds people. We are directly responsible for their well-being [...] So while nations talk, but too often drag their heels cities act. (Michael Bloomberg at 2013 Ministers and Mayors Roundatble) City Millenium 2014 % Mumbai 12mio 19mio 58.3 Shanghai 14.35mio 23.5mio 63,8 Karachi 9.4mio 23.7mio 152 Dubai 0.9mio 2.2mio 144 2009 50% of world population lives in urban settings 2050 70% of world population lives in urban settings Asia and Africa: India, China, Indonesia & Nigeria Developing world: 1mio people every 5 days move to cities
Increased importance of cities
INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES Cities are economic hubs of national importance 750 largest cities account for 57% of global domestic product New Climate Economy: by 2030 500 cities = 60% GDP growth
Increased importance of cities Source: The Economist
INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES Growing economic and social importance has political implications Jacque Chirac Mayor of Paris 1977-95 Willi Brandt Mayor of Berlin 1957-66 ??
INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES W H Y D O S T A T E S T O L E R A T E N O N - S T A T E A C T O R S S U C H A S C I T I E S ? Globalization, regionalization and localization Cession of competence to cities is the cure Better placed to seal business deals, more efficient Role of MFA changes from gatekeeper to boundary spanner
CITY DIPLOMACY NETWORK* * Adapted from Michele Acuto City Diplomacy Multilateral Regime Building International Influence building Hybridization of governance Diplomatic Entrepreneurship Normative Mediation Bilateral Twinning Agreements
MULTILATERAL CITY DIPLOMACY NETWORK Multilateral City Diplomacy Institutions Metropolis Mayors for Peace United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) ICLEI Eurocities Climate Leadership Group (C40) League of Cities Organization of Islamic Capitals and Ctiies
3 THOUGHTS ON DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. Dubai has 32 partner cities but no strategic approach to it nor to multilateral participation in Metropolis, ICLEI, Mayors for Peace 2. Role models such as London & New York have outsourced and strategically structured its global outreach 3. Partner cities and direct competitors such as Beirut, Istanbul or Teheran take leadership in UCLG as Secretary-General or President for MENA region Twin Cities: Detroit, Geneva, Shanghai, Casablanca, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Osaka, Beirut, Dundee, Cold Coast, Moscow, Istanbul, Tripoli, Damascus, Phoenix, Paris, Teheran, Tripoli, Istanbul, Baghdad, Caracas, New York, Kuwait,
World Cities Classification 2012 Connectivity and World Networking Source: The World According to GaWC
DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY ACTORS
CHALLENGES TO DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. No coherent policy is obstacle to governance excellence 2. Despite high ranking Dubai does not lead at city diplomacy level 3. Participation at multilateral level needs to be increased 4. Legitimate peer-representation necessary 5. Fragmantation of actorship might lead to competence overlap
CHANCES FOR DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. Create a Strategic City Diplomacy Framework 2. Framework establishes performance indicators and shows how to contribute to Dubai Plan 2021 & UAE Vision 2021 3. Define short, medium and long term goals and coordinate with actors 4. Identify policy priorities according to urban challenges and national interests 5. Policy framework will allow Dubai to take regional leadership in city diplomacy
CONCLUSION 1. Conceptualization of diplomacy/ city diplomacy Diplomacy has become more inclusive as to NSAs Legitimacy: sovereignty & capability 2. Increased importance of cities Majority of people live in cities, 他 by 2050 Economic hubs producing great parts of GDP 3. City diplomacy network: bilateral and multilateral Cities have created a network of institutions C40, Mayors for Peace, UCLG, ICLEI, Eurocities 4. Dubais outreach into the world Decentralized approach with 32 partner cities Main actors: #Dmunicipality, #ExecutiveCouncil, #DCCI

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Reconceiving Diplomacy: How Dubai Reaches out into the World

  • 2. RECONCEIVING DIPLOMACY? F R O M T E L E G R A P H T O S M A R T P H O N E F R O M A D H O C M I S S I O N S T O P A R A D I P L O M A C Y Research Question How is the increasing importance of non-state actors, particularly that of cities, changing the way we think of diplomacy?
  • 3. OVERVIEW 1. Conceptualization of diplomacy/ city diplomacy How did diplomacy change? Is city diplomacy diplomacy at all? 2. Increased importance of cities Why are cities becoming more active in diplomacy? Why do states tolerate NSAs in diplomacy? 3. City diplomacy network: bilateral and multilateral What are the areas and forms of city diplomacy? 4. Dubais outreach into the world How does Dubai structure its city diplomacy?
  • 4. MODERN EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY The police in grand costume (Napoleon, 1805) The science or art of negotiation (Martens, 1866) Management of international relations by negotiation, and the method these relations are adjusted by ambassadors and envoys. (Harold Nicolson, 1939) 1961 VCDR stresses the diplomatic function Dialogue between states. (Adam Watson, 1982) 17th to 19th Post 1919 Post 1945 Post 1991 Reprensentation + Interaction in international system + States & NSA Global Governance Para- Diplomacy
  • 5. CONCEPTUALIZING DIPLOMACY G L O B A L G O V E R N A N C E Global challenges cannot be met by states alone Growing # NSA Juxta position to diplomacy P A R A D I P L O M A C Y 1970s new federalism Non-central but governmental 3 dimensions: economic cultural cooperation political Diplomacy has become more inclusive with changing roles and legitimacy not only based on sovereignty but also on expertise, interest and power to influence outcomes.
  • 6. INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES We are the level of government closest to the majority of the worlds people. We are directly responsible for their well-being [...] So while nations talk, but too often drag their heels cities act. (Michael Bloomberg at 2013 Ministers and Mayors Roundatble) City Millenium 2014 % Mumbai 12mio 19mio 58.3 Shanghai 14.35mio 23.5mio 63,8 Karachi 9.4mio 23.7mio 152 Dubai 0.9mio 2.2mio 144 2009 50% of world population lives in urban settings 2050 70% of world population lives in urban settings Asia and Africa: India, China, Indonesia & Nigeria Developing world: 1mio people every 5 days move to cities
  • 8. INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES Cities are economic hubs of national importance 750 largest cities account for 57% of global domestic product New Climate Economy: by 2030 500 cities = 60% GDP growth
  • 9. Increased importance of cities Source: The Economist
  • 10. INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES Growing economic and social importance has political implications Jacque Chirac Mayor of Paris 1977-95 Willi Brandt Mayor of Berlin 1957-66 ??
  • 11. INCREASED IMPORTANCE OF CITIES W H Y D O S T A T E S T O L E R A T E N O N - S T A T E A C T O R S S U C H A S C I T I E S ? Globalization, regionalization and localization Cession of competence to cities is the cure Better placed to seal business deals, more efficient Role of MFA changes from gatekeeper to boundary spanner
  • 12. CITY DIPLOMACY NETWORK* * Adapted from Michele Acuto City Diplomacy Multilateral Regime Building International Influence building Hybridization of governance Diplomatic Entrepreneurship Normative Mediation Bilateral Twinning Agreements
  • 13. MULTILATERAL CITY DIPLOMACY NETWORK Multilateral City Diplomacy Institutions Metropolis Mayors for Peace United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) ICLEI Eurocities Climate Leadership Group (C40) League of Cities Organization of Islamic Capitals and Ctiies
  • 14. 3 THOUGHTS ON DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. Dubai has 32 partner cities but no strategic approach to it nor to multilateral participation in Metropolis, ICLEI, Mayors for Peace 2. Role models such as London & New York have outsourced and strategically structured its global outreach 3. Partner cities and direct competitors such as Beirut, Istanbul or Teheran take leadership in UCLG as Secretary-General or President for MENA region Twin Cities: Detroit, Geneva, Shanghai, Casablanca, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Osaka, Beirut, Dundee, Cold Coast, Moscow, Istanbul, Tripoli, Damascus, Phoenix, Paris, Teheran, Tripoli, Istanbul, Baghdad, Caracas, New York, Kuwait,
  • 15. World Cities Classification 2012 Connectivity and World Networking Source: The World According to GaWC
  • 17. CHALLENGES TO DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. No coherent policy is obstacle to governance excellence 2. Despite high ranking Dubai does not lead at city diplomacy level 3. Participation at multilateral level needs to be increased 4. Legitimate peer-representation necessary 5. Fragmantation of actorship might lead to competence overlap
  • 18. CHANCES FOR DUBAIS CITY DIPLOMACY 1. Create a Strategic City Diplomacy Framework 2. Framework establishes performance indicators and shows how to contribute to Dubai Plan 2021 & UAE Vision 2021 3. Define short, medium and long term goals and coordinate with actors 4. Identify policy priorities according to urban challenges and national interests 5. Policy framework will allow Dubai to take regional leadership in city diplomacy
  • 19. CONCLUSION 1. Conceptualization of diplomacy/ city diplomacy Diplomacy has become more inclusive as to NSAs Legitimacy: sovereignty & capability 2. Increased importance of cities Majority of people live in cities, 他 by 2050 Economic hubs producing great parts of GDP 3. City diplomacy network: bilateral and multilateral Cities have created a network of institutions C40, Mayors for Peace, UCLG, ICLEI, Eurocities 4. Dubais outreach into the world Decentralized approach with 32 partner cities Main actors: #Dmunicipality, #ExecutiveCouncil, #DCCI