Referat la fizică tofalvi attila

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Originea frigiderului se leagă de descoperirea refrigerării de către William Cullen în 1748, culminând cu producerea primului frigider casnic în 1913. Evoluția frigiderelor a inclus folosirea gazelor toxice ca agenți de răcire până când, în anii '70, freonul a fost înlocuit din cauza impactului asupra stratului de ozon. În România, producția de frigidere a început în 1956, iar compania Arctic a devenit lider pe piața internațională în anii '70.

Art & Photos

Primul frigider
Tófalvi József Attila
Clasa X- stiinte
18.01.2016
Profa: Ghita Apostol
1

Originea maşinii frigorifice
este legată de descoperirea
principiilor refrigerării în anul
1748 de către cercetătorul
scoţian William Cullen de la
Universitatea din Glasgow şi
culminează în anul 1913 cu
producerea primului frigider
casnic comercial, numit
Domelre, ce costa imensa sumă
de 900$.
2

Raceala artificiala
Răcirea artificială a fost descoperită de WilHam Cullen,
care, făcând diferite experimente cu alcool etilic, a
evaporat o cantitate de alcool într-un vid parţial, inventând
astfel răcirea gazoasă. Metoda lui Cullen a fost
îmbunătăţită de mai mulţi inventatori, iar în anul 1834
Jacob Perkins a brevetat un frigider ce folosea un
compresor şi un sistem închis ce conţinea un lichid volatil,
deşi nu şi-a comercializat niciodată invenţia. Un medic
american pe nume John Gorrie a construit propria maşină
frigorifică pentru a dispune de gheaţă şi de aer rece în
spitalul său din Apalachicola, Florida.
3

Până la sfârșitul anilor ’20 frigiderele foloseau combinații de
gaze toxice ca și agenți de răcire. După mai multe accidente
fatale datorate scurgerilor de gaze, principalele companii
care activau pe piață: Frigidaire, General Motors și DuPont
și-au unit forțele pentru a găsi o soluție sigură.
4

Producția de masă a frigiderelor și
congelatoarelor casnice a început la
mijlocul anilor 1940. Considerate până
atunci un lux, existența lor în casele
americanilor a devenit banală. În această
perioadă , însuși Albert Einstein a
proiectat propria sa formă de frigider –
cunoscută doar ca „frigiderul lui
Einstein” – care nu necesita componente
mobile sau energie electrică. Și-a vândut
brevetul firmei Electrolux dar frigiderul
nu a intrat în producție comercială
niciodată.
5

În anii ’70 și ’80, s-a descoperit că
freonul este unul dintre gazele care
afectează stratul de ozon, astfel
încât la începutul anilor ’90 a fost
înlocuit cu tetrafluoretanul ca agent
frigorific
6

In 1860, Ferdinand Carre breveteaza
primul sistem de refrigerare prin
absorbtie de gaze folosind amoniac in
stare gazoasa dizolvat in apa. O
metoda imbunatatita a lichefierii
gazelor este inventata si patentata de
Carl von Linde in anul 1876. Procesul a
facut posibila utilizarea gazelor
precum amoniac, dioxid de sulf sau
clorura de metil ca agenti frigorifici si
au fost folosite in aceste scopuri la
scara larga pana in 1920.
7

Firigider în România
Primele frigidere din România s-au construit în anul 1956 la U.M.E.B.
(Uzina de Mașini Electrice București), denumuită pe atunci "Klement
Gottwald". Purtau denumire de Pinguin, funcționau pe sistemul cu
absorție (precum Fram, care au fost produse însă ulterior) și nu aveau
termonastat! Capacitatea era de circa 80 litri (însă frigiderul de aproape
2 ori mai înalt decât un Fram) și funcționau circa 5.500 de ore pe an
(Fram funcționa circa 4.500). În 1963 Uzina Mecanică din Sadu (Gorj),
fabrică de armament se începe fabricarea frigiderelor Fram. La
începutul anilor '70 , pe baza unei licențe cumpărate din Franța, începe
fabricarea la fabrica Arctic din Găești a primelor frigidere românești cu
compresor. În perioada de până în 1985, frigiderele Arctic acopereau
peste 95% din piața românească de profil, o parte importantă a
producției fabricii Arctic orientându-se și către export.
8

În prezent, principalii producători de
echipamente frigorifice sunt Frigotehnica,
DAAS Ploiești, Marco&Alex București și
Davicani Brașov. Piața de echipamente
frigorifice din România a fost de circa 30
milioane euro în 2010.
9

Liviu Stoica– Arhitectura locuintei,
Bucuresti, 2012
 http://www.lovendal.ro/wp52/stiati-ca-frigiderul-
a-fost-inventat-in-anul-1748/
10

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Referat la fizică tofalvi attila

1. Primul frigider Tófalvi József Attila Clasa X- stiinte 18.01.2016 Profa: Ghita Apostol 1

2. Originea maşinii frigorifice este legată de descoperirea principiilor refrigerării în anul 1748 de către cercetătorul scoţian William Cullen de la Universitatea din Glasgow şi culminează în anul 1913 cu producerea primului frigider casnic comercial, numit Domelre, ce costa imensa sumă de 900$. 2

3. Raceala artificiala Răcirea artificială a fost descoperită de WilHam Cullen, care, făcând diferite experimente cu alcool etilic, a evaporat o cantitate de alcool într-un vid parţial, inventând astfel răcirea gazoasă. Metoda lui Cullen a fost îmbunătăţită de mai mulţi inventatori, iar în anul 1834 Jacob Perkins a brevetat un frigider ce folosea un compresor şi un sistem închis ce conţinea un lichid volatil, deşi nu şi-a comercializat niciodată invenţia. Un medic american pe nume John Gorrie a construit propria maşină frigorifică pentru a dispune de gheaţă şi de aer rece în spitalul său din Apalachicola, Florida. 3

4. Până la sfârșitul anilor ’20 frigiderele foloseau combinații de gaze toxice ca și agenți de răcire. După mai multe accidente fatale datorate scurgerilor de gaze, principalele companii care activau pe piață: Frigidaire, General Motors și DuPont și-au unit forțele pentru a găsi o soluție sigură. 4

5. Producția de masă a frigiderelor și congelatoarelor casnice a început la mijlocul anilor 1940. Considerate până atunci un lux, existența lor în casele americanilor a devenit banală. În această perioadă , însuși Albert Einstein a proiectat propria sa formă de frigider – cunoscută doar ca „frigiderul lui Einstein” – care nu necesita componente mobile sau energie electrică. Și-a vândut brevetul firmei Electrolux dar frigiderul nu a intrat în producție comercială niciodată. 5

6. În anii ’70 și ’80, s-a descoperit că freonul este unul dintre gazele care afectează stratul de ozon, astfel încât la începutul anilor ’90 a fost înlocuit cu tetrafluoretanul ca agent frigorific 6

7. In 1860, Ferdinand Carre breveteaza primul sistem de refrigerare prin absorbtie de gaze folosind amoniac in stare gazoasa dizolvat in apa. O metoda imbunatatita a lichefierii gazelor este inventata si patentata de Carl von Linde in anul 1876. Procesul a facut posibila utilizarea gazelor precum amoniac, dioxid de sulf sau clorura de metil ca agenti frigorifici si au fost folosite in aceste scopuri la scara larga pana in 1920. 7

8. Firigider în România Primele frigidere din România s-au construit în anul 1956 la U.M.E.B. (Uzina de Mașini Electrice București), denumuită pe atunci "Klement Gottwald". Purtau denumire de Pinguin, funcționau pe sistemul cu absorție (precum Fram, care au fost produse însă ulterior) și nu aveau termonastat! Capacitatea era de circa 80 litri (însă frigiderul de aproape 2 ori mai înalt decât un Fram) și funcționau circa 5.500 de ore pe an (Fram funcționa circa 4.500). În 1963 Uzina Mecanică din Sadu (Gorj), fabrică de armament se începe fabricarea frigiderelor Fram. La începutul anilor '70 , pe baza unei licențe cumpărate din Franța, începe fabricarea la fabrica Arctic din Găești a primelor frigidere românești cu compresor. În perioada de până în 1985, frigiderele Arctic acopereau peste 95% din piața românească de profil, o parte importantă a producției fabricii Arctic orientându-se și către export. 8

9. În prezent, principalii producători de echipamente frigorifice sunt Frigotehnica, DAAS Ploiești, Marco&Alex București și Davicani Brașov. Piața de echipamente frigorifice din România a fost de circa 30 milioane euro în 2010. 9

10. Liviu Stoica– Arhitectura locuintei, Bucuresti, 2012  http://www.lovendal.ro/wp52/stiati-ca-frigiderul- a-fost-inventat-in-anul-1748/ 10

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Referat la fizică tofalvi attila

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Referat la fizică tofalvi attila