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Reflect and Relate - PowerPoint - Chapter 5

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Danielle M Harkins
Danielle M Harkins

Culture is defined as a coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group that are learned and communicated. Within any society, dominant and co-cultures exist, with co-cultures developing their own communication practices in response to the dominant culture. Cultural influences on communication include individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, high versus low context, emotion displays, masculinity versus femininity, and views of time. Creating intercultural competence involves developing world-mindedness, attributional complexity, and communication accommodation skills.

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Chapter 5 Understanding Culture John Tlumacki/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
What Is Culture? Culture is an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people. Influences include: nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, and even age. ChrisMcGrath/GettyImages
Culture Defined • Culture is learned. • Culture is communicated. • Culture is layered. • Culture is lived. CamBuff/GettyImages
Co-cultures In any society, there are groups of people who have more power than others. Co-cultural Communication Theory: The people who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture. Co-cultures: formed by members of a society who don’t conform to the dominant culture
Co-cultures (cont.) Members of co-cultures develop communication practices for dealing with members of the dominant culture. They may: • Use overly polite language • Suppress reactions to offensive comments • Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes • Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way • Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant culture • Openly disparage their own co-culture • Express co-cultural identity through appearance, actions, and words
Prejudice Prejudice occurs when stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members. Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two judgments made about others: how warm and friendly they are and how competent they are. MariaIzaurralde/ZumaPress
Prejudice (cont.) Benevolent prejudice occurs when people think of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent. Hostile prejudice occurs when people have negative attitudes toward a group of individuals whom they see as unfriendly and incompetent.
Cultural Influences on Communication Seven characteristics shape our intercultural communication: 1. Individualism versus collectivism 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Power distance 4. High and low context 5. Emotion displays 6. Masculinity versus femininity 7. Views of time
Individualism versus Collectivism People in individualistic cultures value independence and personal achievement. People in collectivistic cultures emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups. ©JoKirchherr/Westend61/Corbis ChinaPhotos/GettyImages
Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is a measure of how different cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability. Sozaijiten/Datacraft/GettyImages ChristopherFutcher/GettyImages
Power Distance Power distance is the degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable.
High and Low Context People in high-context cultures use relatively vague and ambiguous language to convey important meanings. People in low-context cultures tend not to presume that others share their beliefs, attitudes, and values. They strive to be clear and direct in communication.
Emotion Displays Display rules are the cultural guidelines for when, where, and how people should and shouldn’t express emotion. JustinLane/AFP/GettyImages
Masculinity versus Femininity Masculine cultural values include the accumulation of personal wealth as an indicator of success, assertiveness, and personal achievement. Feminine cultural values emphasize compassion, cooperation, relationship health, and quality of life for all people.
Views of Time People with a monochronic time orientation view time as a precious resource that can run out. People with a polychronic time orientation view time as flexible, not as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded. FPG/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Creating Intercultural Competence Intercultural competence: the ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and ethically with people from diverse backgrounds ©WarnerBrothers/EverettCollection
World-Mindedness World-mindedness: the ability to accept and respect other cultures’ beliefs, values, and customs Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own cultural beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices are superior to others’ • It is the opposite of world-mindedness.
Attributional Complexity Attributional complexity: acknowledging that other people’s behaviors have complex causes BillBachmann/Photoshot/Newscom
Communication Accommodation Communication accommodation theory: People adapt their communication when they seek social approval, when they wish to establish relationships, and when they view others’ language use as appropriate.

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Reflect and Relate - PowerPoint - Chapter 5

  • 2. What Is Culture? Culture is an established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people. Influences include: nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, and even age. ChrisMcGrath/GettyImages
  • 3. Culture Defined • Culture is learned. • Culture is communicated. • Culture is layered. • Culture is lived. CamBuff/GettyImages
  • 4. Co-cultures In any society, there are groups of people who have more power than others. Co-cultural Communication Theory: The people who have more power within a society determine the dominant culture. Co-cultures: formed by members of a society who don’t conform to the dominant culture
  • 5. Co-cultures (cont.) Members of co-cultures develop communication practices for dealing with members of the dominant culture. They may: • Use overly polite language • Suppress reactions to offensive comments • Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes • Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way • Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant culture • Openly disparage their own co-culture • Express co-cultural identity through appearance, actions, and words
  • 6. Prejudice Prejudice occurs when stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward groups and their members. Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two judgments made about others: how warm and friendly they are and how competent they are. MariaIzaurralde/ZumaPress
  • 7. Prejudice (cont.) Benevolent prejudice occurs when people think of a particular group as inferior but also friendly and competent. Hostile prejudice occurs when people have negative attitudes toward a group of individuals whom they see as unfriendly and incompetent.
  • 8. Cultural Influences on Communication Seven characteristics shape our intercultural communication: 1. Individualism versus collectivism 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Power distance 4. High and low context 5. Emotion displays 6. Masculinity versus femininity 7. Views of time
  • 9. Individualism versus Collectivism People in individualistic cultures value independence and personal achievement. People in collectivistic cultures emphasize group identity, interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups. ©JoKirchherr/Westend61/Corbis ChinaPhotos/GettyImages
  • 10. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is a measure of how different cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability. Sozaijiten/Datacraft/GettyImages ChristopherFutcher/GettyImages
  • 11. Power Distance Power distance is the degree to which people in a particular culture view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable.
  • 12. High and Low Context People in high-context cultures use relatively vague and ambiguous language to convey important meanings. People in low-context cultures tend not to presume that others share their beliefs, attitudes, and values. They strive to be clear and direct in communication.
  • 13. Emotion Displays Display rules are the cultural guidelines for when, where, and how people should and shouldn’t express emotion. JustinLane/AFP/GettyImages
  • 14. Masculinity versus Femininity Masculine cultural values include the accumulation of personal wealth as an indicator of success, assertiveness, and personal achievement. Feminine cultural values emphasize compassion, cooperation, relationship health, and quality of life for all people.
  • 15. Views of Time People with a monochronic time orientation view time as a precious resource that can run out. People with a polychronic time orientation view time as flexible, not as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded. FPG/Archive Photos/Getty Images
  • 16. Creating Intercultural Competence Intercultural competence: the ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and ethically with people from diverse backgrounds ©WarnerBrothers/EverettCollection
  • 17. World-Mindedness World-mindedness: the ability to accept and respect other cultures’ beliefs, values, and customs Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own cultural beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices are superior to others’ • It is the opposite of world-mindedness.
  • 18. Attributional Complexity Attributional complexity: acknowledging that other people’s behaviors have complex causes BillBachmann/Photoshot/Newscom
  • 19. Communication Accommodation Communication accommodation theory: People adapt their communication when they seek social approval, when they wish to establish relationships, and when they view others’ language use as appropriate.