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Relative Clause

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This document defines and provides examples of different types of pronouns: 1. Personal pronouns replace nouns referring to people and function as subjects or objects. 2. Possessive pronouns express possession and cannot precede nouns. 3. Demonstrative pronouns point to nouns and include this, that, these, those. 4. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions and include who, whom, whose, what, which.

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Topic: Pronouns M.BILAL YOUNAS Mass Communication & Media Bs. 1st. semester 03236168636 Silent_heart.sameer@yahoo.com
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. s Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns n oun anybody this ro nal P , mine each that P erso , my urs e yo either I, m , your, ers, none these you , her, h she it, its urs someone, one, etc. Interro those o ur, s, o , their , gative P ,u we them ronoun , s who s they their elf whom mys elf rs what you which whose
Personal pronouns They replace nouns which refer directly to persons and are of two kinds, those functioning as subjects and those functioning as objects in sentences. The personal pronouns which function as subjects are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they while those which function as objects are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
Possessive pronouns They are used to express possession. Singular Plural Mine Ours Yours Yours His Hers Theirs its
The possessive pronouns cannot be used before nouns because they replace them. So, they can stand alone without the nouns. They are used to avoid repeating the nouns. EXAMPLES: My pen is like yours. Their car moved before ours. This book is mine. Is that book yours?
Demonstrative pronouns These point to the nouns they replace. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that (singular) these, and those (plural). The demonstrative pronouns are used without the nouns. They point to the place of the person or thing that is referred to. this and these refer to objects that are close to the speaker; that and those refer to objects that are far away from the speaker. Examples: This is my book. Those are his pens. That is your desk.
Interrogative pronouns: These pronouns are used to ask questions and they are who, whom, whose, what, and which. EXAMPLES Who initiated the scheme? Whom can we consult about the matter? Whose is this bright idea? What has been done for the unprivileged in society? Which is the shortest route to the campus?
Indefinite pronouns They are used to refer to people or things in a very general way. Among the common indefinite pronouns are someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everything, nobody, nothing, none, each, some, both, all, several, few, many, much, more, little, less, other, others, one, two, three, and so on.
EXAMPLES Someone must have tampered with the lock. Anybody who will not work to earn a living deserves to go hungry. Everything that needs to be done has been done. None among those involved wishes to make a complaint. Several of us have applied for the scholarship. Much needs to be done to improve conditions. Others will be affected if you make a mistake. Among many students, three have scored distinctions.
Reciprocal pronouns They refer to two or more nouns in a reciprocal relationship. The two reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. All the staff members compete with one another for the annual awards. These two friends do not trust each other.
Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are Singular Plural Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselvs Himself Herself themselves Itself
Use of Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are used in the following cases: 1. They are used to show that the subject and the object are identical the same person or thing). In this case the reflexive pronoun usually follows the verb. Examples: I hit myself The child washed himself yesterday. 2. They are used to express emphasis. It is placed directly after the subject or at the end of the sentence. Examples: I myself sent the letter. She cooked the food herself. The student himself did the assingment. 3. They are sometimes preceded by the word by to mean alone or without help Examples The students did the assignment by themselves. The machine works by itself.
SAY AND DONT SAY Dont say: I and you. Say: You and I. Dont say: My brother and me. Say: My brother and I. Dont say: This is between you and I. Say: This is between you and me. Dont say: Ali is a friend of me. Say: Ali is a friend of mine. Dont say: They saw my brother and I. Say: they saw my brother and me.

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Relative Clause

  • 1. Topic: Pronouns M.BILAL YOUNAS Mass Communication & Media Bs. 1st. semester 03236168636 Silent_heart.sameer@yahoo.com
  • 2. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. s Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns n oun anybody this ro nal P , mine each that P erso , my urs e yo either I, m , your, ers, none these you , her, h she it, its urs someone, one, etc. Interro those o ur, s, o , their , gative P ,u we them ronoun , s who s they their elf whom mys elf rs what you which whose
  • 3. Personal pronouns They replace nouns which refer directly to persons and are of two kinds, those functioning as subjects and those functioning as objects in sentences. The personal pronouns which function as subjects are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they while those which function as objects are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
  • 4. Possessive pronouns They are used to express possession. Singular Plural Mine Ours Yours Yours His Hers Theirs its
  • 5. The possessive pronouns cannot be used before nouns because they replace them. So, they can stand alone without the nouns. They are used to avoid repeating the nouns. EXAMPLES: My pen is like yours. Their car moved before ours. This book is mine. Is that book yours?
  • 6. Demonstrative pronouns These point to the nouns they replace. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that (singular) these, and those (plural). The demonstrative pronouns are used without the nouns. They point to the place of the person or thing that is referred to. this and these refer to objects that are close to the speaker; that and those refer to objects that are far away from the speaker. Examples: This is my book. Those are his pens. That is your desk.
  • 7. Interrogative pronouns: These pronouns are used to ask questions and they are who, whom, whose, what, and which. EXAMPLES Who initiated the scheme? Whom can we consult about the matter? Whose is this bright idea? What has been done for the unprivileged in society? Which is the shortest route to the campus?
  • 8. Indefinite pronouns They are used to refer to people or things in a very general way. Among the common indefinite pronouns are someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everything, nobody, nothing, none, each, some, both, all, several, few, many, much, more, little, less, other, others, one, two, three, and so on.
  • 9. EXAMPLES Someone must have tampered with the lock. Anybody who will not work to earn a living deserves to go hungry. Everything that needs to be done has been done. None among those involved wishes to make a complaint. Several of us have applied for the scholarship. Much needs to be done to improve conditions. Others will be affected if you make a mistake. Among many students, three have scored distinctions.
  • 10. Reciprocal pronouns They refer to two or more nouns in a reciprocal relationship. The two reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. All the staff members compete with one another for the annual awards. These two friends do not trust each other.
  • 11. Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are Singular Plural Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselvs Himself Herself themselves Itself
  • 12. Use of Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronouns are used in the following cases: 1. They are used to show that the subject and the object are identical the same person or thing). In this case the reflexive pronoun usually follows the verb. Examples: I hit myself The child washed himself yesterday. 2. They are used to express emphasis. It is placed directly after the subject or at the end of the sentence. Examples: I myself sent the letter. She cooked the food herself. The student himself did the assingment. 3. They are sometimes preceded by the word by to mean alone or without help Examples The students did the assignment by themselves. The machine works by itself.
  • 13. SAY AND DONT SAY Dont say: I and you. Say: You and I. Dont say: My brother and me. Say: My brother and I. Dont say: This is between you and I. Say: This is between you and me. Dont say: Ali is a friend of me. Say: Ali is a friend of mine. Dont say: They saw my brother and I. Say: they saw my brother and me.