Renewal and Resilience: Lessons from Rwanda
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The document provides a brief history of the genocide that occurred in Rwanda from April-July 1994, where the Hutu-dominated government and militias systematically slaughtered 800,000+ Tutsis and moderate Hutus over the span of 100 days. It discusses how Europeans colonizers in the late 19th century introduced the concept of Tutsi racial superiority over Hutus, which the Hutu government exploited to incite ethnic tensions. The genocide was the tragic culmination of decades of discrimination and hatred sowed by the Belgians' policy of divide and rule and the Hutu governments' scapegoating of Tutsis to maintain power amidst poverty and political unrest.
Renewal and Resilience: Lessons from Rwanda
- 1. "RESILIENCE AND RENEWAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF RWANDA." BY DR. WHITNEY HOWARTH PLYMOUTH STATE UNIVERSITY JUNE 7, 2020 NH BUILDING A CULTURE OF PEACE FORUM
- 8. WHAT HAPPENED INRWANDA? Summer 1994, April July 100 days of GENOCIDE Systematic slaughter of the Tutsis perpetrated by the Hutu government, its army and police force, state sponsored civilian Hutu militias and many hundreds of thousands of Hutu civilians 800,000+ slaughtered 2+ million refugees
- 10. Rwandan Population in 1990s = 7.5 million
- 11. Hutus make up the majority of the population 85% Tutsis make up about 14% During the genocide, the Hutu massacred close to 75% of the population of Tutsi. Moderate Hutus and opponents to the Hutu power structure were also slaughtered.
- 12. In 1863, English explorer John Speke claims to discover the source of the Nile River, names it Lake Victoria.
- 13. EUROPEANS BELIEVED Colonialism would save the negro races Science could prove white mans superiority The Bible provided proof that the Tutsi people were racially superior to the Hutu. Hamitic Curse. Page from one of the key scientific texts on race of its day: Josiah Clark Nott and George Robert Gliddon, Indigenous races of the earth (First published 1857).
- 14. Hutu and Tutsi -- any difference? Both are Bantu peoples, with shared physical characteristics, language, customs and history. Intermarriage and social mixing was common for thousands of years between these groups. There is little if any detectable genetic differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi.
- 15. BELGIANS CREATE SYSTEMS OF DISCRIMINATION
- 17. FROM NEARBY COUNTRY OF BURUNDI, SMALL GROUPS OF TUTSI REFUGEES WHO HAD FLED RWANDA BECAUSE OF THE VIOLENCE IN THE EARLY 1960S RAID RWANDA BORDER. 1963 Cockroach invasion. Hutu self-defense units respond Massacre of Tutsi civilians over next 2 months 14,000 Tutsi dead this is just the beginning
- 19. 1973: HABYARIMANA BECOMES PRESIDENT IN BLOODY COUP. Prez. outlaws Tutsi citizens contact with refugee Tutsis (over 1 million refugees outside Rwanda) Prez. Declares RWANDA IS FULL! (no more resources) Prez. Denies Tutsi refugees Right of Return. Prez. Revived renewed colonial regime of mandatory work programs. Corrupt govt., political discontent, poverty Prez. H and his friends got rich while the rest of the country starved. Ethnic tensions rose and Rwanda received massive quantities of aid. Hutu power system need a way to distract citizens
- 20. INTERAHAMWE Those who work together
- 21. CIVIL WAR BEGINS Govt sponsored HATE SPEECH denouncing all tutsi as enemies intensifies: HATE RADIO propaganda HATE NEWSPAPERS: Kangura! Political Cartoons dehumanizing Tutsi
- 23. PLEASE NOTE THE NEXT THREE SLIDES ARE GRAPHIC IN NATURE AND PORTRAY VICTIMS AND THE DEAD.