Research Methodology

Jun 29, 2021Download as PPTX, PDF0 likes29 views

This document discusses various data collection techniques and methods of presenting data. It describes how to measure characteristics like age, height, and income by defining variables as either qualitative or quantitative. Common data collection techniques include questionnaires, interviews, observation, and sampling. Questionnaires can be open-ended, closed-ended, or mixed. Data presentation methods include tables, graphs like histograms, frequency polygons, line graphs, bar diagrams and pie charts. The document provides examples and definitions of these various data collection and presentation techniques.

Data collection techniques
&
Presentation of data
Anupta Jana
anuptajana@gmail.com
SLIS,GM University
29-06-2021

Introduction
In research work it is necessary to measure various
characteristics.

What are the Characteristics?
• Age, Height, Income, Education level, etc.
• All are not similar.

Variables
Qualitative
Social behaviour
& Personality
Cultural &
Social
environment
Quantitative
Discrete
Continuous

Data
Collection
Techniques
Questionnaire
Interview
Observation
Sampling
Delphi

Questionnaire
• A set of questions designed to generate the statistical information from the
respondent in a research.
• Types
• Open ended / Unstructured
• Close ended /
• Mixed

Open ended questionnaire
• Freedom to express
• Avoid bias
• More information
• Unstructured
• Difficulties in statistical analysis

Close ended questionnaire
• Limited freedom to express
• Structured
• Easy to statistical analysis

Mixed questionnaire
• Mixture of open ended and close ended questionnaire.

Interview
• Verbal conversation between two people with the aim of data
collection in a research.

Types of Interview
Personal Interview Telephone Interview Web Interview

Observation
• Observing or studying an object or person in a systematic way with the
aim of specific objectives in research
• Effective way of collecting data
• But time consuming

Sampling
• Sampling frame
• A list of all units of the population of interest
• Ex. - People, organisations, documents
• Types
• Probability
• Non-probability

Data
Presentation
Tabular
Nominal &
Ordinal
Numerical
Graphical
Line
Histogram
Frequency
polygon
Frequency curve
Bar diagrams
Pie chart

Frequency distribution
• A table or graph that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a
sample.
Class Frequency
Class 10 2
Class 11 3
Class 12 4
Class 10
Class 11 Class 12

Types of frequency distribution
• Cumulative frequency
• Cumulative Relative frequency / Relative frequency

Line graph
• To show an increase or decrease of a variable over time or throughout
observation
76
85 86
90
82
98
105 108 110
115 118
106
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Number of visitors corresponding to months

Histogram
• Histogram is a rectangular diagram.
• The area of each rectangle is proportional to the frequency of the respective class.
• Continuous distribution
21
32
49
33
23
12
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800
Frequency
Class interval
Histogram

Frequency polygon
• By joining the mid value of the top of the rectangles with the help of
straight lines.

Frequency curve
• A smooth curve which corresponds to a histogram computed for a
frequency distribution of a continuous distribution.
21
32
49
33
23
12
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frequency
Class interval
Frequency Curve

Bar diagram
• Categorical data are presented with rectangular bars.
• Hight or length of the bars are proportional to the value of the categories.
• Appropriate for qualitative data
800
460
520
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
arts science commerce
no. of students

Pie chart
• To show the share of different components in a variable
• Circle has 360o
Salary, 246, 24%
Books, 325, 32%
Journals, 175,
17%
Furniture, 200,
19%
Maintenance, 50,
5%
Contingency, 30,
3%
100
Budget
Component
TotalBudget
 
360
Budget
Degree
TotalBudget
 

Summary
• Variable
• Types of variable
• Data collection techniques
• Data presentation

Reference
• Unit-6 Measurement of Variables. (2017). IGNOU.
http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/11217
• Unit-7 Data Presentation. (2017). IGNOU.
http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/11213

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Research Methodology

1. Data collection techniques & Presentation of data Anupta Jana anuptajana@gmail.com SLIS,GM University 29-06-2021

2. Introduction In research work it is necessary to measure various characteristics.

3. What are the Characteristics? • Age, Height, Income, Education level, etc. • All are not similar.

4. Variables Qualitative Social behaviour & Personality Cultural & Social environment Quantitative Discrete Continuous

5. How to measure ?

6. Data Collection Techniques Questionnaire Interview Observation Sampling Delphi

7. Questionnaire • A set of questions designed to generate the statistical information from the respondent in a research. • Types • Open ended / Unstructured • Close ended / • Mixed

8. Open ended questionnaire • Freedom to express • Avoid bias • More information • Unstructured • Difficulties in statistical analysis

9. Close ended questionnaire • Limited freedom to express • Structured • Easy to statistical analysis

10. Mixed questionnaire • Mixture of open ended and close ended questionnaire.

11. Interview • Verbal conversation between two people with the aim of data collection in a research.

12. Types of Interview Personal Interview Telephone Interview Web Interview

13. Observation • Observing or studying an object or person in a systematic way with the aim of specific objectives in research • Effective way of collecting data • But time consuming

14. Sampling • Sampling frame • A list of all units of the population of interest • Ex. - People, organisations, documents • Types • Probability • Non-probability

15. Probability sampling

16. Non-Probability sampling

17. Delphi method

18. How to present the collected data?

19. Data Presentation Tabular Nominal & Ordinal Numerical Graphical Line Histogram Frequency polygon Frequency curve Bar diagrams Pie chart

20. Tabular • Nominal & Ordinal • Numerical

21. Frequency distribution • A table or graph that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample. Class Frequency Class 10 2 Class 11 3 Class 12 4 Class 10 Class 11 Class 12

22. Types of frequency distribution • Cumulative frequency • Cumulative Relative frequency / Relative frequency

23. Line graph • To show an increase or decrease of a variable over time or throughout observation 76 85 86 90 82 98 105 108 110 115 118 106 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 January February March April May June July August September October November December Number of visitors corresponding to months

24. Histogram • Histogram is a rectangular diagram. • The area of each rectangle is proportional to the frequency of the respective class. • Continuous distribution 21 32 49 33 23 12 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800 Frequency Class interval Histogram

25. Frequency polygon • By joining the mid value of the top of the rectangles with the help of straight lines.

26. Frequency curve • A smooth curve which corresponds to a histogram computed for a frequency distribution of a continuous distribution. 21 32 49 33 23 12 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Frequency Class interval Frequency Curve

27. Bar diagram • Categorical data are presented with rectangular bars. • Hight or length of the bars are proportional to the value of the categories. • Appropriate for qualitative data 800 460 520 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 arts science commerce no. of students

28. Pie chart • To show the share of different components in a variable • Circle has 360o Salary, 246, 24% Books, 325, 32% Journals, 175, 17% Furniture, 200, 19% Maintenance, 50, 5% Contingency, 30, 3% 100 Budget Component TotalBudget   360 Budget Degree TotalBudget  

29. Summary • Variable • Types of variable • Data collection techniques • Data presentation

30. Reference • Unit-6 Measurement of Variables. (2017). IGNOU. http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/11217 • Unit-7 Data Presentation. (2017). IGNOU. http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/11213

31. Thank you

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Research Methodology

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