Research Methodology.pptx

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This presentation focuses on introducing the method of Snowballing and contextualising it to the field of literary research.

Introduction to Snowballing: A
Technique for Literary Research
By: Prakruti Bhatt

What is Snowballing?
● A non-probability sampling technique developed by James Coleman and Leo
Goodman.
● Goodman defines it as a technique where, “A random sample of individuals is
drawn from a given finite population.”[2]
● Introduced as a ‘means for studying the structure of social networks’[4]

Snowballing for literary research
● In the context of literary research, Claes Wohlin defines it as ‘using the
reference list of a paper or the citations to the paper to identify additional
papers.’[6]
● Thus, for literary research, snowballing can be understood as a technique
through which one can identify relevant pieces of information to justify their
arguments; which in turn helps in preparing a structured literature review.

Steps of Snowballing:
1. Identify keywords and formulate search strings[6]
2. Identify a start set of papers to use[6]
3. Scour the references sections of articles that you have already included in your
review [backward snowballing][5]
4. Identify articles that had subsequently cited papers that you have included in
your review[forward snowballing][5]
5. If no new sources are found, the snowballing procedure is finished[6]

Using the digital medium for snowballing
● Web platforms can function as vast stores of reliable information wherein one
can search for sources relevant to one’s study.
● Platforms like Google Scholar [3] can help in identifying primary texts and
articles which through snowballing can then lead to more sources of
information.
● Web platforms are more efficient for snowballing in comparison to traditional
print sources due to their feature of easy accessibility and vast storage capacity.
● Furthermore following the snowballing technique through the digital medium
can also help in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the information included
in one’s research work.
● However, it is important to be careful while identifying, organizing, and
analyzing primary texts and articles before employing the snowballing
technique.

References:
1. Coleman, James. "Relational analysis: The study of social organizations with survey methods."
Human Organization: Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology 17.4 (1958): 28-36. web. 28
August 2022. <https://meridian.allenpress.com/human-organization/article-
abstract/17/4/28/69903/Relational-Analysis-The-Study-of-Social>.
2. Goodman, Leo A. "Snowball Sampling." The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32.1 (1961): 148-
170. web. 28 August 2022. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/2237615>.
3. Google Scholar. 20 November 2004. Google. web. 28 August 2022. <http://scholar.google.com/>.
4. Heckathorn, Douglas D. "SNOWBALL VERSUS RESPONDENT-DRIVEN SAMPLING." Sociological
Methodology 41.1 (2011): 355-366. web. 28 August 2022.
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250988/#R3>.
5. Wallace, Mike and David Denyer. Snowballing. 30 May 2012. Economic and Social Research
Council. web. 28 August 2022. <https://www.restore.ac.uk/>.
6. Wohlin, Claes. "Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in
Software Engineering." EASE'14: 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in
Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, 2014. 1-10. web. 28
August 2022. <https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2601248.2601268>.

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Research Methodology.pptx

1. Introduction to Snowballing: A Technique for Literary Research By: Prakruti Bhatt

2. What is Snowballing? ● A non-probability sampling technique developed by James Coleman and Leo Goodman. ● Goodman defines it as a technique where, “A random sample of individuals is drawn from a given finite population.”[2] ● Introduced as a ‘means for studying the structure of social networks’[4]

3. Snowballing for literary research ● In the context of literary research, Claes Wohlin defines it as ‘using the reference list of a paper or the citations to the paper to identify additional papers.’[6] ● Thus, for literary research, snowballing can be understood as a technique through which one can identify relevant pieces of information to justify their arguments; which in turn helps in preparing a structured literature review.

4. Steps of Snowballing: 1. Identify keywords and formulate search strings[6] 2. Identify a start set of papers to use[6] 3. Scour the references sections of articles that you have already included in your review [backward snowballing][5] 4. Identify articles that had subsequently cited papers that you have included in your review[forward snowballing][5] 5. If no new sources are found, the snowballing procedure is finished[6]

5. Using the digital medium for snowballing ● Web platforms can function as vast stores of reliable information wherein one can search for sources relevant to one’s study. ● Platforms like Google Scholar [3] can help in identifying primary texts and articles which through snowballing can then lead to more sources of information. ● Web platforms are more efficient for snowballing in comparison to traditional print sources due to their feature of easy accessibility and vast storage capacity. ● Furthermore following the snowballing technique through the digital medium can also help in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the information included in one’s research work. ● However, it is important to be careful while identifying, organizing, and analyzing primary texts and articles before employing the snowballing technique.

6. References: 1. Coleman, James. "Relational analysis: The study of social organizations with survey methods." Human Organization: Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology 17.4 (1958): 28-36. web. 28 August 2022. <https://meridian.allenpress.com/human-organization/article- abstract/17/4/28/69903/Relational-Analysis-The-Study-of-Social>. 2. Goodman, Leo A. "Snowball Sampling." The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32.1 (1961): 148- 170. web. 28 August 2022. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/2237615>. 3. Google Scholar. 20 November 2004. Google. web. 28 August 2022. <http://scholar.google.com/>. 4. Heckathorn, Douglas D. "SNOWBALL VERSUS RESPONDENT-DRIVEN SAMPLING." Sociological Methodology 41.1 (2011): 355-366. web. 28 August 2022. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250988/#R3>. 5. Wallace, Mike and David Denyer. Snowballing. 30 May 2012. Economic and Social Research Council. web. 28 August 2022. <https://www.restore.ac.uk/>. 6. Wohlin, Claes. "Guidelines for Snowballing in Systematic Literature Studies and a Replication in Software Engineering." EASE'14: 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, 2014. 1-10. web. 28 August 2022. <https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2601248.2601268>.

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Research Methodology.pptx

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