�ݺ�ߣ

Medical Management of
Rhinosinusitis in the Clinic
Michael A Kaliner, MD
Medical Director, Institute for Asthma and Allergy
Wheaton and Chevy Chase, MD
Professor of Medicine, George Washington University
School of Medicine

Conflicts
• Consult with:
• SRxA
• Ista
• Alcon
• Teva
• Dey
• McNeil

1. Maxillary
2. Ethmoidal bulla
3. Ethmoidal cells
4. Frontal sinus
5. Uncinate process
6. Middle turbinate
7. Inferior turbinate
8. Nasal septum
9. Ostiomeatal
complex
Ostiomeatal complex

Infections may obstruct the OMC
B
MT
MS
IT
The ostiomeatal
complex
Key
B: bulla
ethmoidalis
IT: inferior
turbinate
MT: middle
turbinate
MS: maxillary
sinus

Underlying Causes of Rhinosinusitis
 Allergy
 Seasonal AR
 Perennial AR
 Nonallergic rhinopathy
 Infection
 Acute
 Chronic: Bacterial, fungal
 Consider host defense
deficency
 Structural
 Ostiomeatal complex:
 Deviated nasal septum
 Hypertrophic turbinates
 Others
 Dental, periapical
abcess
 Underlying diseases,
cystic fibrosis, ciliary
immotility
 Occupational irritants
and allergens
 Drug induced, rhinitis
medicamentosa
 Irritant-induced rhinitis
 Atrophic rhinitis
After International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Allergy
Suppl 19,49,1994

Rhinosinusitis Management. WAC.12-11 (1).ppt

Does this patient have sinusitis?
• Must have congestion and purulent drainage
– Green, not yellow secretions
• Most patients lose their sense of smell
– Rate your sense of smell between 0 and 10, 0 is zero;
10 is normal; same scale for taste
• Headache and facial pressure:
– Over sinus area
– Steady, not throbbing
– Lasts for hours
– Worsens if head is moved
• Have patient touch chin to chest or shake head “no”
– Tenderness over sinus when tapped with finger

Does patient have sinusitis?
• PE:
– Congestion
– Sometimes erythematous mucosa
– Purulent drainage -middle meatus
• Stranding?
• History of green secretions?
– Green, yellow-green, gray
– Asymmetric transillumination
– Tenderness over sinus by percussion

• CT Scan
– Gold standard
– Limited cut, coronal plane
• MRI
– Very sensitive
– Useful for fungal sinusitis
• Cold T2 weighted image
level.

• Culture of middle meatus
– Cotton swab is generally useless
– Use Calgiswab
• Pediatric urethral culture swab
• Calcium alginate on a wire
• Allows direct culture from meatus
• Overall: of some use, some of the time

Bacterial Rhinitis
(local nasal infection)
• Doc: I got sinus!
• Sick all the time, congestion, headache,
green drainage, gets sick a few days after
last antibiotic, 5-10 antibiotics per year
• But… Normal sense of smell, normal CT
• ENT evaluation and they did NOT
recommend surgery

Bacterial Rhinitis
(Local nasal infection)
• Not currently recognized as specific disease
• Local Staph or Strept infections
– Crusting, green secretions
– Excess drainage
• Throat clearing, cough, runny nose
– Often young, constantly or recurring sick
– But normal CT
– No anosmia (often a keen sense of smell)
• Culture positive for Staph or Strept species
• High degree of suspicion
• Often with contact points (septum-
turbinate, spurs)

Treatment of Bacterial Rhinitis
• Topical Bactroban (mupiricin) 2%
– Instilled locally (finger, Q-tip) and massaged
back
– Alternative: Dissolve BB in sinus rinse
• Add ½-1 inch strip of BB, add 1 Oz hot water,
shake and dissolve BB, QS to 4-8 Oz, add salt,
shake and then wash nose and sinuses

Rhinologic Headaches
• Recurring headache and secretions in
young, healthy patient (usually female)
• Headache is nasal/sinus in location
– Steady, lasts hours to days, not affected by
head movement
• Secretions are yellow or clear; not purulent

• PE:
– Septal deviation with septum-turbinate contact
• Septal spur with spur-turbinate contact
– Turbinate-turbinate contact
– Posterior valve
• Turbinate-turbinate-septal contact
– Clear secretions
– Adequate middle meatus/ostiomeatal complex

• Diagnosis is by high index of suspicion
– Headaches and non-purulent secretions and
normal sense of smell
– Normal CT scan
• Apply nasal decongestant
– Spray or swab
• Apply 4% Xylocaine
– Spray or swab
Evaluate
headache

• Treatment:
– Nasal saline washes
– Nasal corticosteroids +/-
– Nasal antihistamine
• azelastine or olopatadine
– PRN topical nasal decongestant
– PRN topical nasal Xylocaine
Use to prevent
headaches
from occurring
Use to treat
headaches as
they occur

Association Between Viral and
Bacterial Sinusitis Infections
• Viral infections
– Self-limiting
– 2 to 3 acute viral respiratory
infections per year (6-8 in children)
– >80% symptoms resolve in 7-10 d
– Often inciting event for development
of sinusitis and other RTIs
– 0.5%–2% of cases complicated by
acute bacterial infection (>20 million
cases)
RTI=respiratory tract infections.
Brook. Primary Care 1998;25:633; Gwaltney. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1209;
Gwaltney et al. N Engl J Med 1994;330:25.

Common
cold
Increase in symptoms after 5
days
Persistent symptoms after 10
days
0 5 10 15
Days
Symptoms
Definition of Acute Nonviral
Rhinosinusitis
12
Weeks
Increase in symptoms after 5 days or persistent symptoms
after 10 days with less than 12 weeks duration

Healthy Rhinosinusitis
Inflammation Is Responsible for Cardinal
Symptoms of Acute Rhinosinusitis
Underlying inflammation
leads to…
…increased vascular
permeability and mucosal
oedema
…increased mucus
production
…impaired mucociliary
function

2011 Approach to the Treatment
of Acute Rhinosinusitis
1. Hydration (6 - 8 glasses of water per day)
2. Long-acting topical nasal decongestant,
BID X 3-7 days (oxymetazole)
3. Nasal saline applied with nasal irrigation
device, BID
4. Topical nasal CCS, 2 sprays EN BID
5. If symptoms persist past 7-10 days:
Antibiotics X 7-14 days (until
asymptomatic +5-7 days). Choices:
amoxicillin/clavulanate, cephalosporin,
clarithromycin

Antibiotics in acute rhinosinusitis?
 Don’t treat common viral cold with antibiotics
 Use symptomatic treatment in mild acute
rhinosinusitis
 saline
 topical decongestant
 NCCS
 Analgesics
 Use topical steroids in acute and chronic
sinusitis (evidence A)
 Reserve antibiotics for severe, acute,
presumably bacterial rhinosinusitis

Recommended antibiotic choices -
2011
First choice:
Amoxicillin/clavulate or cephalosporin
Good second choice: Clarithromycin
(Zithromycin, 5-0-(5), may also be quite useful)
Back-ups:
Quinalones
Use metronidazole plus one of the above or
clindamycin when gram negative is suspected
Topical mupiricin very useful in select cases

Unilateral Sinusitis
• Dental abscess
– Foul smelling, evidence of periapical abscess
• Fungal sinusitis
• Polyp
• Mucocoele
• Tumor of the sinus/nose
– Inverted papilloma
• Congenital aplasia/hypoplasia

Odontogenic Sinusitis
(Dental Periapical Abscess)
• Unilateral sinusitis
– Nearly always in maxillary sinus above the
site of the abscess or perforation through the
floor of the sinus after dental procedure
• Foul smelling
– Microaerophilic Strept species
• Persistent or recurring

Odontogenic Sinusitis
(Dental Periapical Abscess)
• Diagnosis is by dental x-ray and
confirmation of presence of periapical
abscess
• Treat by root canal and drainage of
abscess
• Requires penicillin-type antibiotic

Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
• Adolescents, adults, chronic, resistant disease
• Nasal polyps
Allergic mucus
– brown rubbery plugs
– Hyphae on smear of mucus
• Can be unilateral
• 75-100% atopic
• Positive ST or RAST to fungi
• Increased IgE
• Hyper-attenuation on CT or MRI
– Bone loss
– Cold T2 weighted image

AFS: Radiographic Findings
• Can be unilateral
• Bilateral disease -51%, asymmetrical 78%
• Bony erosion – 20%
– Expansion, remodeling, thinning,
demineralization
– Heterogeneous areas on CT (minerals)
– Cold T2 weighted MRI images

How I treat allergic fungal sinusitis
• Confirm diagnosis
– IgE, Eosinophils, MRI, CT
• Aggressive nasal Rx
– Budesonide nasal washings, 500 ug BID
• Itraconazole, oral
– 100 mg BID x 6 months
– 100 mg QD x 12 months
– Monitor LFT, IgE Q 3 mos
• Consider surgery if unresponsive

The signs and symptoms
of chronic sinusitis
(symptoms persisting >12 weeks):
Prerequisite symptoms
 Purulent nasal and
posterior pharyngeal
discharge
 Plus:
 Facial pain/pressure
 Persistent nasal
obstruction
 Cough/post-nasal
drip/throat clearing
Supporting symptoms
 Hyposmia, anosmia
 Sore throat
 Malaise
 Fever
 Headache, facial
pressure, dental pain
 Halitosis
 Sleep disturbance
 Fatigue

Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Why?
 Chronic inflamed mucosa
 Neutrophils and mononuclear cells in CRSsNP
 Eosinophils in CRSwNP
 Possible chronic infection
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Superantigens
 Biofilms
 Osteitis

Bacteria in Biofilms
• May be antibiotic resistant
• May be hard to culture
• Found in surgical specimens from CRS
(44%+)
– S aureus, P aeroginosa, H Influenza, S
pneumonia
• Clinical implications
– Saline sinus washes
– BKC?
– Zwitterionic surfactant? JBS

Superantigens or superallergens
 Bacterial Superantigens
 Staph aureus enterotoxins: SEA, SEB, SEC, SED,
SEE, TSST-1
 Strep. pyogenes,
 Mycoplasma arthritidis,
 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ……
 Highly potent immune stimulators
 Interact with T-cell R
and MHC class II
 20% of all T-cells are activated
by SEA
SA
g
T-Cell
V V
MHC
II
TCR
APC

Recommended approach to the treatment
of chronic rhinosinusitis 2011
 Hydration (6 - 8 glasses of water per day)
 Antibiotics only if clear evidence of infection: use X 14-
21+ days (until asymptomatic +7 days). Choices:
cephalosporin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, clarithromycin,
quinalone
 Long-acting nasal decongestant, BID X 3-7 days
(oxymetazoline)
 Nasal saline applied with nasal irrigation device, BID
 Topical nasal CCS (only Mometasone has FDA
approval):
 2 sprays BID, until symptoms resolved
 Reduce to lowest effective dose, to maintain
remission
 Aim towards the eye and away from the nasal
septum

Next recommended approaches
 Intensify use of nasal CCS
 Budesonide by nasal irrigation
 Fluticasone MDI, 220 ug 2 BID
 Budesonide nasal washes, 500 ug BID
 Switch antibiotics (only if evidence of ongoing bacterial
infection)
 Add metronidazole or clindamycin (especially with foul
smell – gram negatives)
 Consider fungal Rx (itraconazole, not amphotericin)
 Oral CCS (Daily followed by QOD)
 Topical antibiotics (tobramycin rarely, mupirocin nasal
ointment)

Chronic rhinosinusitis
With and without nasal polyps
Chronic
Rhinosinusitis Nasal Polyps
Nasal Polyps
The spectrum of sinus disease
Rhinosinusitis
- Eosinophils +

Nasal polyposis
Prevalence approx. 2- 4%, 25% of CRS
Asthma in approx. 40-65%
Aspirin sensitivity in 10-15%
Mixed cellular infiltrate with
prominent eosinophilia in 90%
Inflammation with
 local IgE production
 increased IL-5, eotaxin,
cys-LTs and ECP

Treatment of Nasal Polyps
• Treatment of underlying condition
• Continue treatment of sinusitis
• Topical corticosteroids (Mometasone
only current INS approved by FDA in
USA)
– Pulmicort, budesonide
– Flovent
• Systemic corticosteroids
• Polypectomy
Kaliner MA. Current Review of Allergic Diseases. Philadelphia, Pa: Current Medicine, Inc., 1999.

Preliminary Results of Intranasal
Flovent Treatment
• Retrospective chart review of 73 patients with
polyps and sinusitis who failed initial therapy
• 64.4 % of patients treated with intranasal Flovent
were also started on 2-3 weeks of oral CCS.
• The combination of long-term intranasal Flovent
and short term oral CCS resolved polyps in
77.4% of patients (p=0.0045) at 7-9 months
• There was significant reduction in polyp size
within 1-2 months: 75% significantly reduced at
1 month, >80% at 2 months

Polyp Resolution p=0.0045
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Polyp Resolution
77.4%
Polyps did not
resolve 22.60%

Budesonide use, 2011
 Dilute budesonide solution (Pulmicort Respules),
500-1000 ug in 2-4 Oz saline and irrigate the
sinuses BID
 Have head positioned to the side so that gravity
helps get washings into the sinuses; turn head
as if to put the ear on knee
 Has resolved polyp resistant to nasal fluticasone
sprays

Mupiricin use
 Use mupiricin with
 Recurrent crusting, particularly anterior
 Congestion, headache, green secretions &
normal CT – contact points, spurs
 Polyps
 Mupiricin (Bactroban 2%) anteriorly with finger
or Q tip, blot nose
 Dissolved in saline, irrigate nose and sinuses
with sinus rinse, along with budesonide for nasal
polyps

Polyp treatments - 2011
 Anticipate <25+% improve with sinus Rx + nasal CCS
 About 50% improve with sinus Rx + high dose nasal
CCS (nasal lavages with budesonide)
 The remainder improve with oral CCS + nasal lavages
with budesonide solution
Overall medical treatment can get close to 100% success
 Mupiricin appears to help prevent polyp regrowth,
especially with crusting
 Add ½-1 tsp of betadine to sinus wash
 Surgery, properly done, is successful short-term but
polyps can and do recur and repeated surgery gets
progressively more difficult and dangerous!

Polyps – 2011 recommendations
 Treat underlying sinusitis
 High dose nasal CCS
 Budesonide solution (Pulmicort Respules) suspended in
sinus lavage (+/- betadine)
 Wash with the head positioned with ear to the knee
 Consider Singulair (QD addition)
 Prednisone 20-30 mg
 Daily x 3 weeks, then QOD, then taper to 0
 Fluticasone (Flovent MDI) through baby bottle nipple)
 Mupiricin ointment topically or dissolved in sinus lavavge
 Consider careful surgery if polyps are persistent, resistant or
recur
 Consider oral or topical anti-fungal treatment
 Xolair

Surgery
• We do refer for surgery after failing with
aggressive medical management
• In our experience, surgery is not
necessary in most cases, although
patients with recurrent disease and
obstructed outflow tract may benefit
• Patients requiring recurrent oral CCS may
need FESS

Surgery
• First surgery is easiest
– Landmarks in place
• Revisions require real expertise
– Abnormal land marks
• Good surgeons try good medicine first

�ݺ�ߣ

Rhinosinusitis Management. WAC.12-11 (1).ppt

More Related Content

Rhinosinusitis Management. WAC.12-11 (1).ppt