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Trend‐followingisDead!Longlivetrend‐following!

Istrend‐followingdead?
Thelastthreeyearshavenotbeenprofitablefortrend‐followers.Doesthismeantrend‐followingis
dead?Theshortanswerisno.Foralongeranswer,wequoteStanleyFink,CEOofInternational
StandardAssetManagement,ex‐CEOofManGroup,PLC(viaBloomberg.com,JesseWestbrook
reporting,Oct.3,2013):“Peoplesaytome‘Isn’ttrend‐followingdead?’”Finksaid.“Iprobably
rememberfourorfiveoccasionsinmyexperienceinthefund‐managementworldwhenpeoplehave
saidthat.Ineachcase,it’sbeenabsolutelywrong,andtheindustrytendstoroarbackwhenmost
peoplehavecapitulated.”

Whyhastrend‐followingnotworked?(Becausepriceshaveremainedinanarrowrangeforlongtime)
Trend‐followingworkswhenalargepercentageofmarketsinaportfoliohavesmoothpricemovesfrom
oneleveltoanother.Thismeanstrend‐followingisunprofitableiftherearefewmarketswithsmooth
trends,ifpricemovesareshort,orifpricemovesarechoppy,i.e.,theygobackandforthrapidly.
Fundamentally,ifyouraveragetradelength,orholdingperiod,isx‐days,eachtradeisaforecastthat
priceswillmovesubstantiallyinthedirectionofthetradeattheendofx‐days.Trend‐followingbuys
strengthandsellsweakness.Thismeanstrend‐followingsystemsbuymarketsthatarerisingandsell
marketsthatarefalling.Eachtradeisaforecastthatpriceswillbehigher(orlower)attheendofthe
holdingperiod.Thetradewillbeunprofitableifpricesreversecourseoverthex‐dayperiod,falling
whenhigherpricesareforecast,orrisingwhenlowerpricesarepredicted.
Whendopricesreverseinsteadoffollowingthroughinthedesireddirection?Whenthereisconfusion
andvolatility,ashasbeenthecaseaftertheLehmanbankruptcyinSeptember,2008.


Isthereawaytovisualizepricestrappedinanarrowrange?(i.e.,Howtoidentifyconsolidations?)
Apricechartisasimplewaytovisualizepriceaction.Whenpricesaretrappedinatriangleorina
rectangleforlongperiodsoftime,thentheyreverseattheboundariesofthatformation.However,by
design,trend‐followingsystemsareforecastingthattheywillbreak‐outoftheconsolidationpattern.
Hence,trend‐followingsystemswillbeunprofitablewhenpricesaretrappedinaconsolidationpattern.
WeillustratetheseideasusingtheCocoafuturespriceschartinFigure1below.Observehowprices
wereinsidealargetrianglelastingnearlythreeyears.Withinthelargetriangle,therearemanyperiods,
shownusingdottedrectangles,whenpricestradedinanarrowrange,sometimeswithinasmaller
Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch

triangularpattern.Trend‐followingstrategiesthattradedthebreakoutwereunprofitableuntilprices
stagedasuccessfulbreakout.

Shortmoveafterbreakout,intolargerresistance.

SuccessfulBreak‐out
Sustainablebreakout?
FalseBreak‐out


Figure	1:	This	continuous	chart	of	Cocoa	futures	contract	shows	a	series	of	triangular	consolidations	
and	breakouts	from	those	consolidations.		Observe	how	prices	have	stayed	within	the	large	triangle	for	
almost	three	years	before	breaking	out	in	July/August	this	year.		Trend‐following	strategies	that	
bought	near	the	upper	triangular	line,	or	sold	near	the	lower	triangular	line	were	unprofitable	due	to	
reversals.	The	dashed	circles	show	some,	but	not	all,	of	the	points	at	which	break‐out	systems	could	
have	generated	unprofitable	signals.	

Trend‐followingmodelscomeinmanyflavorsandstyles,varyinginspeedwithwhichtheyreact,sothat
theholdingperiod,orlengthoftrade,canbevaried.Figure1alsoshowssome,butnotall,ofthepoints
atwhichtrend‐followingstrategiescouldhavegeneratedunprofitablesignals.Figure1showsthe
essentialproblemtrend‐followingstrategieshavefacedoverthelastfewyears.Amajorityofmarkets
haveconsolidatedforaverylongtime.Thismeanswhentheytrend,opportunitieswillbeplentiful.

Howbadisit?(Reallybad)
WelookattheRhoTrendBarometeroverrolling36‐monthintervalsstarting1995toshowthattrading
conditionshaveneverbeenthisbad,atleastsince1995.TheRhoTrendBarometermeasuresthe
percentageofmarketswithmeasurabletrendsonthelasttradingdayofeachmonth.Thebreak‐even
Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch

levelfortrend‐followingprofitabilityisapproximately45%,whichmeansiffewerthan45%ofmarket
aretrending,thentrend‐followersasagrouparelikelytobeunprofitable.
70%

>60%==>Period ofstrong,sustainedtrendsformanymonths

%of36‐monthintervalswith%T>45%

60%

50%

40%

<50%==>Prolongedperiod withfewtrends:trend‐following
strategiesareunsuccessful

30%

20%

Extremelydifficultfortrend‐followingstrategies: only33%ofrolling36‐
monthintervalshadmeanigfultrends

10%

1/1/1998
8/1/1998
3/1/1999
10/1/1999
5/1/2000
12/1/2000
7/1/2001
2/1/2002
9/1/2002
4/1/2003
11/1/2003
6/1/2004
1/1/2005
8/1/2005
3/1/2006
10/1/2006
5/1/2007
12/1/2007
7/1/2008
2/1/2009
9/1/2009
4/1/2010
11/1/2010
6/1/2011
1/1/2012
8/1/2012
3/1/2013

0%

Figure	2:	We	show	the	long‐term	evolution	of	the	number	of	months	with	sustainable	trends	over	
rolling	36‐month	intervals	starting	in	1995	(so	first	interval	ends	Dec,	1997).		Between	1995	and	2009,	
there	were	very	few	36‐month	intervals	in	which	fewer	than	half	the	months	were	below	break‐even.		
Since	2011,	this	number	has	declined	sharply,	to	about	33%,	i.e.,	only	12	of	36	months	had	trends	
above	break‐level	of	45	percent.		Trend‐followers	have	not	faced	such	tough	trading	conditions	since	
1995.

OntheverticalaxisofFigure2weshowthepercentageofmonths(overrolling36‐monthintervals)with
trendsabovethe45%break‐evenlevel.Naturally,thegreaterthenumberofmonthswithabove‐
averagetrends,themoreprofitabletrend‐followerswillbe.Notehowthenumberofmonthswith
sustainedtrendshasdroppedtoanall‐timelowofonly33%during2013.




Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch


Cantherebegreattrendsafterconsolidations?
WeillustratethisideausingtheSimexNikkeifuturescontract.Thismarketconsolidatedinatriangular
formationfornearlyfouryears,beforestagingapowerfulbreakout.Thus,externalconditionsmust
changebeforemarketswillhavemajortrends.InthecasefortheNikkei,itwastheelectionofPrime
MinisterAbeandhisinflationarypoliciesthatfundamentallychangedthesituationinJapan,andthe
marketsadjustedtothenewrealitywithamajortrend.



Figure	3:	We	show	the	long‐term	chart	of	the	Simex	Nikkei	contract	to	show	that	a	change	in	the	
external	factors	(in	this	case	a	new	prime	minister)	is	needed	to	end	the	market	consolidation,	and	
that	a		break‐out		after	a		prolonged	consolidation	can	lead	to	powerful	trends.

TrendshavebeenlimitedtoBonds,andStocks.
WeshowtheRhoTrendBarometerbysectortoshowthatoverthelastfewyears,trendshavebeen
limitedtoBonds(interestratecomplex),andequityindexfutures.Wewillalsoshowthattherehave
beenveryfewtrendsincommodities.

Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch


Financials
Sectortrendstrength(<30or>30isdesirable)

90

60

30

0
Financials
‐30

‐60

9/1/2013

5/1/2013

1/1/2013

9/1/2012

5/1/2012

1/1/2012

9/1/2011

5/1/2011

1/1/2011

9/1/2010

5/1/2010

1/1/2010

9/1/2009

5/1/2009

1/1/2009

9/1/2008

5/1/2008

1/1/2008

9/1/2007

5/1/2007

1/1/2007

‐90

Figure	4:	We	show	Rho	Trend	Barometer	(RTB)	for	the	Financials	sector	(interest	rates	and	long	
bonds).	There	are	good	trends	when	the	RTB	is	greater	than	30	or	less	than	‐30.		Note	that	most	the	
RTB	values	have	been	greater	than	+30,	implying	good	long‐side	trends.	

Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch


StockIndexes
90

30

0
StockIndexes
‐30

‐60

9/1/2013

5/1/2013

1/1/2013

9/1/2012

5/1/2012

1/1/2012

9/1/2011

5/1/2011

1/1/2011

9/1/2010

5/1/2010

1/1/2010

9/1/2009

5/1/2009

1/1/2009

9/1/2008

5/1/2008

1/1/2008

9/1/2007

5/1/2007

‐90
1/1/2007

Sectortrendstrength(<30or>30isdesirable)

60


Figure	5:	We	show	Rho	Trend	Barometer	(RTB)	for	the	Stock	Index	sector.	There	are	good	trends	when	
the	RTB	is	greater	than	30	or	less	than	‐30.		Note	for	example	in	2008	when	values	were	<	‐30	after	the	
vicious	sell	offs	following	the	Lehman	bankruptcy.	Also,	observe	the	recent	values	>	+30	due	to	strong	
moves	in	Simex	Nikkei	and	Swiss	Market	Index.	
	

Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch


AllCommodities
60
30
0
AllCommodities
‐30
‐60

9/1/2013

4/1/2013

11/1/2012

6/1/2012

1/1/2012

8/1/2011

3/1/2011

10/1/2010

5/1/2010

12/1/2009

7/1/2009

2/1/2009

9/1/2008

4/1/2008

11/1/2007

6/1/2007

‐90
1/1/2007

Sectortrendstrength(<30or>30isdesirable)

90

Figure	6:	We	show	Rho	Trend	Barometer	(RTB)	for	the	Commodities	sector.	There	are	good	trends	
when	the	RTB	is	greater	than	30	or	less	than	‐30.		Note	for	example	in	2008	when	values	were	<	‐30	
after	the	vicious	sell	offs	following	the	Lehman	bankruptcy.		However,	there	have	been	few	trends	since	
2011,	with	most	of	the	values	between	‐30	and	+30,	the	neutral	zone.


68%ofmarketshaveconsolidatedsince2010:Sothereisalotoftinderfortrendstocatchfire
Arecentinternalreviewfoundthatonly14/44orapproximately32%ofmarketsinourportfoliowere
notlockedinalong‐termconsolidationpattern.Thismeansfully68%ofthemarketshavenottrended
since2010.Thisexplainswhytrend‐followershavenotdonewelloverthepastfewyears.However,
thisalsoshowsthepotentialforpowerfulbreakoutsassoonasexternalconditionsimprove

Pastperformanceisnotnecessarilyindicativeoffutureresults.Thereissignificantriskoflossintradingderivativeproducts.


©2013RhoAssetManagementAGBaarerstrasse78CH‐6300ZugSwitzerland

www.rhoam.ch

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Rho research trend-following is dead long live trend-following