European exploration of new worlds in the 15th-16th centuries, the Second World War events of the 1930s-40s, recent Chinese investments in Africa and Asia, the migration of people from the steppes to South Asia thousands of years ago, and Japan's Meiji Restoration in the 19th century are identified as some of the riskiest but most impactful events in world history. These events helped spur industrial revolutions, shaped the global balance of power, and created or transformed major modern nations and economies.