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River engineering

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This document discusses river engineering and types of river training works. It describes guide bank systems, groynes/spurs, and different types of groynes used to control river flows, including permeable tree groynes and pile groynes. The key factors in designing groynes are discussed, such as their length, materials used, and how they can be configured to attract, deflect, or repel river flows and sedimentation. Different specialized groynes are also introduced, such as hockey-shaped, T-headed, and inverted L-shaped groynes.

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RIVER ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS TYPES OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS GUIDE BANK SYSTEM GROYNES OR SPURS LEVEES OR EMBANKMENT BANK PROTECTION AND PITCHED BANKS PITCHED ISLANDS MISCELLANEOUS METHODS RIVER TRAINING WITHOUT EMBANKMENT BANDALLING
CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS 1. High water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR DISCHARGE. It is trained for providing sufficient and efficient C/S area for the expeditious passage of maximum flood. It concerns mainly with the alignment and height of embankments for a given flood discharge.
2. Low water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR DEPTH. It is trained for providing sufficient depth for navigation during low stage of river. This is achieved by contraction of the width of the channel.
3. Mean water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR SEDIMENT. The river is trained to correct the configuration of river bed for efficient transport and also keeps the channel in good shape. Mean water training is the most important one and based on this the high and low mean training are designed.
TYPES OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS GUIDE BANK SYSTEM: They are made for guiding the stream near a structure. This confines it in a reasonable width of the river. As it was designed by Bell, it is so called as Bells Bund and further developed by spring and is known as guide bank. It consist of a heavily built embankment. This is in shape of a bell mouth on both sides of the channel. Usually only one embankmenty is required if the other end of the bank is high and stable.
GROYNES OR SPURS It is constructed transverse to the river flow. It extends from the bank into the river upto a limit. They are also known as spurs, dikes and transverse dikes.
TYPES OF GROYNES 1. ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS USED: Permeable groyne Solid impermeable groyne 2. ACCORDING TO ITS HEIGHT BELOW HIGH WATER: Submerged groyne Non- submerged groyne 3. ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION IT SERVES: Attracting groyne Deflecting groyne Repelling groyne Sedimenting groyne 4. SPECIAL TYPES OF GROYNES: Denehys T-headed groyne Hockey type groyne Burma type groyne
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE AND OF DESIGNING GROYNES Fall velocity of the river Width of the river @ high, low and mean water Depth of water way, height and nature of flood rise Character of bed materials like sand or silt, shingles. Materials available and funds Amt of materials carried in stream
REPELLING GROYNE The groyne is pointing towards the upstream at an angle of 10` to 30` to the line normal to the bank. This deflects the current in a perpendicular direction to itself. This current that comes in contact with the still water area adjacent causes eddies and deep scour. The head of the groyne should be strong to resist the swirling action of this current. A still water pocket is formed on the upstream and the suspended load that is brought by the river gets deposited in this pocket.
DEFLECTING GROYNES The deflecting groyne has a shorter length than a repelling groyne The river is laid perpendicular to the bank. It deflects the flow alone.
ATTRACTING GROYNES This type of groyne points downwards the direction of normal flow. Thus, this causes scour holes; therefore, they tend to maintain the deep currents close to the bank. Thus the upstream face bears the frontal attack of the river. Hence a heavy protection is not required on the downstream slope.
LENGTH OF THE GROYNES The length of the groyne depends upon the magnitude of river training required. A longer length of the groyne is required if the current has to be thrown on the other end of the bank. So initially a shorter length is designed and as the silting is done the length is extended.
IMPERMEABLE GROYNES Impermeable or solid groynes do not permit any flow through them. The core of it is made up of materials like sand, clay and gravel. The sides are heavily protected by stone pitching or concrete blocks. The side slope is varying from 2:1 to 3:1 and front slope varying from 3:1 to 5:1. An apron is provided at the bottom of the slope to prevent the slipping of the stones.
PERMEABLE GROYNES They permit the flow of water through them. The erosive action is reduced in the stream. In case river water carries sedimented load, it gets deposited near the groyne as the velocity is reduced. ADVANTAGES OF PERMEABLE GROYNE: Cost of construction is cheap. Small quantity of stone is required hence this is used in places where the stones are scarce. It has better performance. This doesnt change the flow, hence no eddies and scours are formed. Suitable for deep narrow rivers. DISADVANTAGES OF PERMEABLE GROYNE: They do not resist shock and pressures caused by floating ice logs.
TYPES OF PERMEABLE GROYNES TREE GROYNE PILE GROYNE
TREE GROYNE A tree is being held in position with the weir along the bank and ties to a heavy buoy. The tree should be very leafy and with many braches. This reduces the velocity of the flowing waters and helps in sedimentation. This deflects the currents It is used for closing a river channel and opening the other. It checks the flow.
PILE GROYNE They are constructed with timber piles. This is driven up to a depth of 9m. Two or three rows of main verticals are braced together by transverse and diagonals. Spacing between the main verticals is 2 to 3m. Two intermediates can be embedded at least 1.5m below. This s filled with alternate layers of brush woods and stones. Sometimes they filter the sand and act as a solid groyne. To safeguard it against the scour, an apron is built @ 1m of stone.
HOCKEY GROYNE This groyne has a curved head. Thus it is termed as hockey groyne. It increases the attracting tendency of the groyne. It does not protects the bank. FLOW BANK SCOURHOLE
DENEHYS GROYNE They are earthen embankments from a marginal bund. It has a T-shape head. The front perpendicular arm is 100m in length, parallel to the current. As the head has a longer portion, it looks like an inverted L. The head has a slope and is protected by stone. FLOW CURRENT BANK

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River engineering

  • 1. RIVER ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS TYPES OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS GUIDE BANK SYSTEM GROYNES OR SPURS LEVEES OR EMBANKMENT BANK PROTECTION AND PITCHED BANKS PITCHED ISLANDS MISCELLANEOUS METHODS RIVER TRAINING WITHOUT EMBANKMENT BANDALLING
  • 2. CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS 1. High water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR DISCHARGE. It is trained for providing sufficient and efficient C/S area for the expeditious passage of maximum flood. It concerns mainly with the alignment and height of embankments for a given flood discharge.
  • 3. 2. Low water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR DEPTH. It is trained for providing sufficient depth for navigation during low stage of river. This is achieved by contraction of the width of the channel.
  • 4. 3. Mean water training: Also called as TRAINING FOR SEDIMENT. The river is trained to correct the configuration of river bed for efficient transport and also keeps the channel in good shape. Mean water training is the most important one and based on this the high and low mean training are designed.
  • 5. TYPES OF RIVER TRAINING WORKS GUIDE BANK SYSTEM: They are made for guiding the stream near a structure. This confines it in a reasonable width of the river. As it was designed by Bell, it is so called as Bells Bund and further developed by spring and is known as guide bank. It consist of a heavily built embankment. This is in shape of a bell mouth on both sides of the channel. Usually only one embankmenty is required if the other end of the bank is high and stable.
  • 6. GROYNES OR SPURS It is constructed transverse to the river flow. It extends from the bank into the river upto a limit. They are also known as spurs, dikes and transverse dikes.
  • 7. TYPES OF GROYNES 1. ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS USED: Permeable groyne Solid impermeable groyne 2. ACCORDING TO ITS HEIGHT BELOW HIGH WATER: Submerged groyne Non- submerged groyne 3. ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION IT SERVES: Attracting groyne Deflecting groyne Repelling groyne Sedimenting groyne 4. SPECIAL TYPES OF GROYNES: Denehys T-headed groyne Hockey type groyne Burma type groyne
  • 8. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE AND OF DESIGNING GROYNES Fall velocity of the river Width of the river @ high, low and mean water Depth of water way, height and nature of flood rise Character of bed materials like sand or silt, shingles. Materials available and funds Amt of materials carried in stream
  • 9. REPELLING GROYNE The groyne is pointing towards the upstream at an angle of 10` to 30` to the line normal to the bank. This deflects the current in a perpendicular direction to itself. This current that comes in contact with the still water area adjacent causes eddies and deep scour. The head of the groyne should be strong to resist the swirling action of this current. A still water pocket is formed on the upstream and the suspended load that is brought by the river gets deposited in this pocket.
  • 10. DEFLECTING GROYNES The deflecting groyne has a shorter length than a repelling groyne The river is laid perpendicular to the bank. It deflects the flow alone.
  • 11. ATTRACTING GROYNES This type of groyne points downwards the direction of normal flow. Thus, this causes scour holes; therefore, they tend to maintain the deep currents close to the bank. Thus the upstream face bears the frontal attack of the river. Hence a heavy protection is not required on the downstream slope.
  • 12. LENGTH OF THE GROYNES The length of the groyne depends upon the magnitude of river training required. A longer length of the groyne is required if the current has to be thrown on the other end of the bank. So initially a shorter length is designed and as the silting is done the length is extended.
  • 13. IMPERMEABLE GROYNES Impermeable or solid groynes do not permit any flow through them. The core of it is made up of materials like sand, clay and gravel. The sides are heavily protected by stone pitching or concrete blocks. The side slope is varying from 2:1 to 3:1 and front slope varying from 3:1 to 5:1. An apron is provided at the bottom of the slope to prevent the slipping of the stones.
  • 14. PERMEABLE GROYNES They permit the flow of water through them. The erosive action is reduced in the stream. In case river water carries sedimented load, it gets deposited near the groyne as the velocity is reduced. ADVANTAGES OF PERMEABLE GROYNE: Cost of construction is cheap. Small quantity of stone is required hence this is used in places where the stones are scarce. It has better performance. This doesnt change the flow, hence no eddies and scours are formed. Suitable for deep narrow rivers. DISADVANTAGES OF PERMEABLE GROYNE: They do not resist shock and pressures caused by floating ice logs.
  • 15. TYPES OF PERMEABLE GROYNES TREE GROYNE PILE GROYNE
  • 16. TREE GROYNE A tree is being held in position with the weir along the bank and ties to a heavy buoy. The tree should be very leafy and with many braches. This reduces the velocity of the flowing waters and helps in sedimentation. This deflects the currents It is used for closing a river channel and opening the other. It checks the flow.
  • 17. PILE GROYNE They are constructed with timber piles. This is driven up to a depth of 9m. Two or three rows of main verticals are braced together by transverse and diagonals. Spacing between the main verticals is 2 to 3m. Two intermediates can be embedded at least 1.5m below. This s filled with alternate layers of brush woods and stones. Sometimes they filter the sand and act as a solid groyne. To safeguard it against the scour, an apron is built @ 1m of stone.
  • 18. HOCKEY GROYNE This groyne has a curved head. Thus it is termed as hockey groyne. It increases the attracting tendency of the groyne. It does not protects the bank. FLOW BANK SCOURHOLE
  • 19. DENEHYS GROYNE They are earthen embankments from a marginal bund. It has a T-shape head. The front perpendicular arm is 100m in length, parallel to the current. As the head has a longer portion, it looks like an inverted L. The head has a slope and is protected by stone. FLOW CURRENT BANK