Rocks and minerals

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This document defines and lists different types of rocks including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It discusses extrusive igneous rocks like obsidian, pumice, and basalt as well as intrusive igneous rocks like granite and gabbro. It also outlines clastic, chemical, and organic sedimentary rocks and how rocks can be transformed through metamorphism. Finally, it introduces the Mohs hardness scale for minerals.

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EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSEXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
OBSIDIANOBSIDIAN

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKSINTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
GRANITEGRANITE

CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SANDSTONESANDSTONE

CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
LIMESTONELIMESTONE

ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKSORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CORAL REEFSCORAL REEFS

METAMORPHIC ROCKSMETAMORPHIC ROCKS
GNEISS (GRANITE)GNEISS (GRANITE)

SCHIST (FELSITE & OTHER MINERALS)SCHIST (FELSITE & OTHER MINERALS)

SLATE (SHALE & CLAY)SLATE (SHALE & CLAY)

QUARTZITE (QUARTZ &QUARTZITE (QUARTZ &
SANDSTONE)SANDSTONE)

MOHS HARDNESS SCALEMOHS HARDNESS SCALE
11 TALCTALC

Intrusive igneous activity forms underground when magma cools and hardens. Plutons are classified by their shape, size, and relationship to surrounding rock layers. Sills form parallel to sedimentary bedding, while laccoliths are similar to sills but intrude closer to the surface. Batholiths must have a surface exposure over 100 square kilometers. Heat from friction during subduction heats crustal rocks, with temperature increasing about 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer deeper. Pressure and water can lower the melting point of mantel rock to form new magma.

Earth science 10.2Tamara

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This document defines and describes several types of intrusive igneous features such as plutons, sills, laccoliths, dikes, and batholiths. It also explains related concepts like the geothermal gradient and decompression melting. Intrusive igneous bodies are classified based on their shape, size, and relationship to surrounding rock layers. Magma originates through partial melting of solid rock in the crust and upper mantle caused by increased temperature, often due to rising rock.

Igneous Rocks/EPCC/LM4tcarrick

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Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They can be intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the magma cools. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground, resulting in large mineral grains, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly at the surface, resulting in small mineral grains or a glassy texture. The mineral assemblage and texture of an igneous rock provides clues about its composition and conditions of formation. Bowen's reaction series describes the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools.

Igneous Rockstcooper66

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This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification into volcanic and plutonic rocks. It describes the composition of different types of magma and how they relate to rock type. Igneous rocks are identified based on their texture, mineral composition, and cooling history. Characteristics such as viscosity, temperature, and mineral content determine the texture of the rock. Common rock types include basalt, gabbro, granite, and ultramafic rocks like peridotite. Sheet-like igneous intrusions include dikes and sills.

Igneous And MagmaRyan Cataga

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The rock cycle document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are related through geological processes. It focuses on igneous rocks, which form from cooling magma, and can cool underground to form intrusive rocks or above ground to form extrusive rocks like lava. The composition and cooling rate of magma determines the type of igneous rock formed. Magma is hot melted rock from deep in the Earth, and its viscosity is affected by temperature and silica content.

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This document outlines intrusive igneous landforms created by underground magma movements and formations. Intrusive igneous activity occurs when magma moves into spaces between rock layers and hardens. Common intrusive landforms include batholiths formed by large masses of cooled magma, sills which are horizontal sheets parallel to bedding planes, and dykes which cut vertically across bedding planes. The Isle of Arran case study examines these intrusive features.

Rocks: Igneous RocksDRossNCSU

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The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on how each type forms, including that igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground resulting in large crystals or above ground resulting in small crystals. Sedimentary rocks form from compression or precipitation of minerals at the Earth's surface. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and fluids.

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The document lists different types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Under igneous rocks it includes rhyolite, basalt, granite, gabbro, obsidian, diorite, andesite, tuff, pumice and ash. Sedimentary rocks listed are limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, halite, breccia and conglomerate. Metamorphic rocks mentioned are phyllite, hornfels, gneiss, slate, marble, schist, quartzite and amphibolite.

Igneous_Rock_Classification.pptAbineshG5

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This document provides an overview of igneous rock classification and composition. It begins by outlining formal classification schemes that involve identifying minerals and textures. Igneous rocks are then divided into three main compositional types - mafic, intermediate, and felsic - based on their silica and magnesium/iron content. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground, forming large crystals, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly at the surface, with smaller or no crystals. Examples of different igneous rock types are shown and described.

Visu rocassaragalanbiogeo

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The document lists and describes various types of rocks. It describes plutonic igneous rocks like gabbrogranite and syenite. It also lists volcanic igneous rocks such as basalt, pumice, and obsidian. Several types of sedimentary rocks are provided for both detrital rocks like sandstone and conglomerate, and non-detrital rocks such as coal, limestone, and gypsum. Finally, it names various metamorphic rocks including foliated types like slate and schist as well as non-foliated marble and quartzite.

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The document provides information about rocks and minerals, including reference tables to help identify different types of rocks based on their properties. It includes tables on mineral properties, igneous rock identification, sedimentary rock identification, metamorphic rock identification, and general rock cycle and geology information. Students are given practice questions to test their understanding of using the reference tables to identify rocks and minerals based on their given characteristics.

Rocks of the esrt guideWest Hollow MS Ms. Gill

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rocks_and_minerals.pptRheaannCaparas1

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Minerals are naturally occurring solid inorganic substances with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Physical properties used to identify minerals include color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, and hardness. Rocks are composed of one or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments or by mineral precipitation. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks by heat, pressure, or other processes.

Engg geologyGAJA GOVIND BABU

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The document provides a comprehensive overview of petrology, focusing on the classification, composition, and characteristics of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It details their formation processes, including the rock cycle, and distinguishes various types of rocks based on their origin and mineral content. Additionally, the text discusses the physical features, structures, and textures of rocks that are essential for understanding their properties and geological significance.

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Identification of igneous rocksSaqib Dhillon

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The document describes different types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks based on their grain size, composition, texture, and other characteristics. For igneous rocks, classifications include volcanic rocks like obsidian, pumice, and scoria as well as plutonic rocks such as basalt, andesite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite. Sedimentary rocks are identified by hardness, grain size, composition and include sandstone, conglomerate, shale, limestone, and rock salt. Metamorphic rocks are described based on features like foliation, grain size, hardness and mineral composition, and include slate, schist, gneiss,

GEOMORPHOLOGY-MINERALS AND ROCKS.pptxPATTINATHARIPS

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Minerals and rocks can be classified in several ways. Metallic minerals include precious metals like gold and silver, and ferrous metals like iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include sulfur and phosphates. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and include intrusive granites and extrusive basalts. Sedimentary rocks form through deposition and lithification of sediments and make up 75% of the Earth's crust. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing recrystallization under heat and pressure. Common minerals include feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica and olivine.

Types of Minerals, Earth Science Lesson PowerPoint�ݺ�ߣSpark Science https://www.slidespark.net/

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The document outlines a comprehensive curriculum on geology, focusing on minerals, their characteristics, and various types of rocks, specifically silicate and non-silicate minerals. It emphasizes hands-on activities, such as observing rocks, identifying minerals with flashcards, and quizzes, and provides a detailed roadmap for teaching geology concepts. Additional resources are available through provided website links for extended learning and activities related to earth science topics.

Gemstone Exploration & MiningSreevaru Surender

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This document provides an overview of gemological sciences and geology as it relates to gemstones. It discusses the classification, properties, formation environments, exploration, and valuation of gemstones. Key points covered include the 4Cs of valuation (color, clarity, cut, carat), the role of geologists in prospecting deposits and identifying stones, and examples of gemstone varieties such as beryl and a case study of emerald deposits in Zambia.

Introduction to Geochemistry of Igneous RocksShah Naseer

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Igneous rocks form through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava, with their composition depending on the temperature, pressure, and material changes. They are classified into four main groups based on silica content: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic, with each group exhibiting specific mineral compositions. Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below the surface, resulting in larger crystals, while extrusive rocks cool quickly on the surface.

INGLES GRUPOGFGGFG.ingles minerales pptxKaoriPalaciosalcamar

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The document presents an overview of mineralogy, focusing on various silicate minerals such as zircon, topaz, titanite, and andalusite, along with their properties and classifications. It also discusses organics, including coral and pearls, detailing their formation and composition, as well as metamorphic rocks and their characteristics. Overall, it covers the diverse range of minerals and their significance in geology and gemology.

Classification of igneous rocksSaif Abo Khashaba

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This document provides an overview of the classification of igneous rocks. It discusses several key criteria used for classification, including texture, mode of occurrence (intrusive vs extrusive), and chemical composition based on silica and alumina content. Texture types include phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, and pyroclastic. Mode of occurrence divides rocks into plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive) types. Chemical classification schemes analyze silica content to categorize rocks as felsic, intermediate, or mafic, and also consider silica and alumina saturation states. Diagrams are provided illustrating these classification approaches. Examples of different rock types are also briefly described,

Lecture8 rocksairporte

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The document describes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on their formation processes and characteristics. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and stress without melting. The document also provides classifications and examples of different rock types within each main category.

Earth ScienceTrisha Lane Atienza

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The document defines key terms related to minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. Minerals are naturally occurring solid materials with a defined crystal structure and chemical composition. Rocks form from the solidification of magma or through the compaction and cementation of sediments. The rock cycle describes how rocks are continuously transformed between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types through geological processes like crystallization, weathering, and tectonic activity.

Practical prospector's guide to mineralsGeology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University

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This document provides a guide to minerals for practical prospectors. It outlines five main topics: 1) rock-forming minerals, 2) metallic ores, 3) non-metallic ores, 4) industrial minerals, and 5) gem minerals. For each mineral type, specific examples are given and their key identifying characteristics are described such as color, crystal structure, hardness, and typical geological environments. The goal is to enable identification of economically important minerals in the field.

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