1) The document discusses the role of serotonin in modulating impulsivity using a genetic murine model of psychiatric vulnerability.
2) It notes that serotonin exerts an inhibitory control on impulsive behavior based on clinical and preclinical studies showing increased impulsivity after serotonin depletions and decreased impulsivity with SSRI drugs.
3) The study examines sign-tracking behavior, a measure of impulsivity, in DBA mice which have lower serotonin functionality compared to C57 mice and finds that enhancing serotonin in DBA mice suppresses sign-tracking behavior.
Disturbo depressivo maggiore e Decision-Making: Quale ruolo riveste il Cervel...Gianvito Lagravinese
油
Proponi un progetto di ricerca ideale che studi le relazioni anatomo-funzionali fra cervelletto e lobo frontale in un modello animale o umano.
ABSTRACT
Contesto: Alcuni studi asseriscono che pazienti affetti da disturbo depressivo maggiore
dimostrano una compromissione della funzionalit esecutiva. Questa 竪 rilevabile anche e
soprattutto nei pazienti con lesioni cerebellari.
Obiettivo: Verificare il grado di compromissione della funzionalit di Decision-Making in
pazienti MDD e Cerebellari e verificare se lattivazione del cervelletto predice la
prestazione dellIOWA.
Materiali e Metodi: Partecipanti: 90 soggetti di cui 30 affetti da Disturbo Depressivo
Maggiore (MDD), 30 Cerebellari, 30 controlli. Materiali: IGT, HARS, HDRS, MMSE.
Misurazioni: fMRI (SCA)
Risultati Attesi: Ci si aspetta che lesioni cerebellari posteriori laterali compromettano la
prestazione dellIGT. Si ipotizza che le alterazioni cerebellari identificate dalla letteratura
nei pazienti depressi possano contribuire alla compromissione del IGT. Tuttavia, i dati
contrastanti presenti in letteratura circa la funzionalit del Decision-Making nel MDD, non
permettono di fare assunzioni di sorta.
Il Disturbo Depressivo Maggiore: Un Focus sul Circuito di Reward - Gianvito L...Gianvito Lagravinese
油
I disturbi dellumore o disturbi affettivi sono caratterizzati da anomalie del tono dellumore
dellindividuo che possono provocare problemi, disfunzioni persistenti e mancato adattamento alle condizioni ambientali. Tali disturbi oltre alle alterazioni dellumore possono includere disfunzioni vegetative e cognitive e comportamentali.
La Depressione Maggiore, contrariamente a quanto avviene durante lesperienza di una normale sensazione di tristezza, di lutto o cattivo umore transitorio, 竪 un disturbo persistente e interferisce pesantemente con il pensiero, il comportamento, lumore, la psicomotricit dellindividuo e il benessere fisico.
Il presente lavoro si prefigge di descrivere il disturbo depressivo maggiore (MDD), riportando esperimenti sull'uomo e sull'animale, tracciandone un profilo che includa evidenze fornite dallepidemiologia, dalle implicazioni genetico-biologiche, anatomo-funzionali per analizzare, in maniera pi湛 approfondita, il ruolo del circuito dopaminergico di reward nel disagio provocato dal disturbo.
To explain pathogenesis of Depression
To describe the synthesis, degradation and reuptake mechanism of 5HT
To classify Antidepressant drugs
To describe mechanism of action of Antidepressants.
To enlist side effects of Antidepressants.
The symptoms of depression are feelings of sadness and hopelessness, s well as the inability to experience pleasure in usual activities, changes in sleep patterns and appetite, loss of energy, and suicidal thoughts. Mania is characterized by the opposite behavior: enthusiasm, anger, rapid thought and speech patterns, extreme self-confidence, and impaired judgment.
Neurochemistry of defensive behavior in zebrafishCaio Maximino
油
This document discusses research on the neurochemistry of defensive behaviors in zebrafish. It summarizes several studies that investigated the role of adenosine, serotonin, glutamate, and nitric oxide in behaviors related to anxiety in zebrafish such as scototaxis and geotaxis. The document also proposes a model for studying post-traumatic stress disorder in zebrafish and summarizes initial findings showing stress-induced sensitization of defensive behaviors that could be blocked by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Future directions are outlined, including more mechanistic electrophysiology and localization of the neural responses.
1) Asenapine and agomelatine are drugs used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Asenapine is an antipsychotic while agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action targeting melatonin receptors.
2) Both drugs have advantages like rapid onset of action and promising safety profiles. However, they also have limitations and warnings. Asenapine is associated with increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia. Agomelatine requires dose adjustment in patients with hepatic impairment.
3) The document provides details on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, dosing, precautions and drug interactions of asenap
20180202 3 j. lombard genomind milan relazione part 2 to pub.pptxRoberto Scarafia
油
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/simposio-toma-implementazione-della-farmacogenetica-nel-scarafia/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/malattie-psichiatriche-e-neurologiche-arriva-toma-il-test-scarafia/
2 febbraio 2018, Sala Congressi Laboratorio TOMA
Relatori: Dr. J. Lombard, Dr.ssa F.R. Grati, Dr.ssa S. De Toffol
BREVE PREMESSA
La farmacogenetica studia linfluenza dei fattori genetici sullattivit di un farmaco, la sua assimilazione e il suo metabolismo allo scopo di massimizzarne lefficacia terapeutica e minimizzare gli effetti avversi. I fattori genetici possono giustificare fino al 95% della variabilit interpersonale nella risposta e nelle reazioni avverse a determinati trattamenti farmacologici. Finora la diagnosi ed il trattamento farmacologico in psichiatria si sono basati principalmente sul un protocollo trial and error tramite colloquio, osservazione clinica e analisi di laboratorio costituivano esclusivamente un complemento per valutare possibili effetti collaterali o i livelli plasmatici di alcuni farmaci. Lintroduzione di test di farmacogenetica consente di fornire al clinico informazioni costitutive dellindividuo relativamente al metabolismo di molti farmaci e la potenziale risposta in determinati contesti clinici al fine di ridurre i tempi ottenimento del trattamento efficace personalizzato e arricchire con le pi湛 recenti informazioni genetiche la gestione terapeutica dei pazienti.
OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
Introdurre i principi scientifici alla base del test genetico che si presenter durante il corso, il significato, la funzione e la rilevanza clinica per la salute mentale di ciascun gene indagato dal test;
Lutilit clinica del test Genecept: presentare come vengono riportati i risultati del test e come meglio interpretarli;
Presentare alcuni casi clinici reali per discutere circa lutilit di un trattamento farmacologico guidato dai risultati del test genetico rispetto allapproccio tradizionale trial and error
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is treated first with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but 40-60% do not respond to initial treatment. Treatment-resistant OCD is defined as failure to respond to an adequate trial of an SSRI. Strategies to treat resistant OCD include optimizing and switching medications, adding or combining medications with CBT, intensive residential therapy, and newer treatments like deep brain stimulation. Guidelines recommend trying different options like switching SSRIs, adding CBT, or augmenting before considering more intensive or experimental treatments.
Vortioxetine Brintellix Trintellix Clinical and Pre-clinical DataAmit Vishwakarma
油
Vortioxetine is indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Vortioxetine has several novel pharmacological properties
Vortioxetine is different from SSRIs/SNRIs due to direct effects at 5-HT receptors
In addition to being a SSRI, vortioxetine has modulating activity of a variety of serotonin receptors
Cognitive improvement is novel in series of antidepressant drugs
Research in the treatment and causes of schizophreniaS'eclairer
油
Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar, MD, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Vilazodone is a serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor (SPARI) antidepressant approved for treatment of major depressive disorder. It has a dual mechanism of action - selective serotonin reuptake inhibition and high-affinity partial agonism of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. This dual action provides faster onset of antidepressant effects within 1-2 weeks. Studies have shown vilazodone to be effective and well-tolerated for short-term and long-term treatment of MDD, with comparable efficacy to SSRIs like escitalopram. It has fewer sexual side effects than SSRIs. The recommended dosage range is 40 mg per day.
1. The document discusses the neurobiology of depression, including epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and several proposed biological theories.
2. One theory suggests that depression may be related to abnormalities in monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. However, studies have shown mixed and inconclusive support for this hypothesis.
3. Other potential biological factors discussed include abnormalities in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hippocampal volume reductions, as well as dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under stress.
Dr Andrea Grubb Barthwell: Neuroscience for Non-scientists: The Brian Targets...iCAADEvents
油
The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines substance use disorders (SUD) as測primary, chronic diseases of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry.
Without treatment測or engagement in recovery activities, this is reflected as an individual who is pathologically pursuing測reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviours, despite consequences.
As we develop測strategies and treatments to prevent use and intervene on early use, knowledge of the neuroscience can測improve our ability to respond effectively, and with compassion.
Each of the medication development測targets and psychological strategies employed in the treatment of SUD are tied to specific organ測systems, most generally the pathways in the brain.
Since many of the areas of the brain that are測involved with mental disorders overlap those affected by chronic drug use, medications that treat測symptoms of anxiety and mood are also useful in changing the incentives and patterns of use.
Andrea測G Barthwell, MD, DFASAM will present the neuroscience needed to understand SUDs and medications測that work on these systems.
Abilify Long Acting Injectable in Patients with Schizoaffective DisorderGeoffrey Brown, PharmD
油
This study evaluated the tolerability and effectiveness of aripiprazole long-acting injectable (LAI) in 18 outpatients with schizoaffective disorder. Patients received monthly injections of 400mg aripiprazole LAI for 6 months. Effectiveness was measured using PANSS and CGI-S scales, showing statistically significant improvements. Tolerability was good, with weight gain and akathisia reported as adverse effects in a small number of patients. While limited by sample size, the study provides preliminary evidence that aripiprazole LAI may be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for schizoaffective disorder. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological condition caused by a decline in the brain chemical dopamine. It is characterized by movement impairments like shaking, rigidity, slowness, and walking difficulties. There is no cure yet but medications and therapies can help control symptoms. As health professionals, we can implement rehabilitation programs to slow the progression of Parkinson's, including exercise programs like PD Warrior and LSVT BIG that use high intensity training to drive neuroplasticity and rewire the brain. Diet and medication absorption are also closely linked, so managing diet is important.
Ms. RS is a 35-year-old female patient with schizophrenia and hypothyroidism who presents with auditory and visual hallucinations, disturbed sleep, and suspicious thoughts. She exhibits both positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms like lack of activeness. She was initially prescribed typical antipsychotics like haloperidol and fluphenazine but developed resistance, so she was switched to clozapine and olanzepine, both atypical antipsychotics. Depot injections of antipsychotics are beneficial for schizophrenia management as they ensure medication adherence and more stable drug levels over time, reducing relapse risk compared to oral medications.
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry Aditya.pptxAdityaAgrawal238
油
Serotonin plays an important role in many psychiatric diseases. It is synthesized from tryptophan and found mainly in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the brain, serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei and projects to various areas influencing mood, anxiety, sleep and other functions. Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and receptors are implicated in depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia and other disorders. Many psychiatric drugs work by altering serotonin levels and receptor activity, such as SSRIs which increase serotonin through SERT blockade, atypical antipsychotics which are 5HT2A antagonists, and triptans which are 5HT1B/1D agonists for migraine treatment.
Reductions in Impulsivity in an Animal Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivi...InsideScientific
油
Substantial evidence has shown that dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice constitute an animal model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). DAT -/- mice are hyperactive, show deficits in preattentional processes (e.g. sensorimotor gating), and have impaired executive function. DAT +/- mice show only limited deficits in the same behavioral tests. In examining more complex cognitive tasks using a 5-Choice apparatus, DAT -/- mice were found to be so behaviorally impaired that they could not learn even basic responding. Their attentional focus was solely oriented towards the food panel so that they failed to observe the lights behind them. DAT +/- were capable of learning the task and showed evidence of impulsive behavior in the 5-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5-Choice CPT). This impulsive behavior was eliminated by treatment with the known ADHD medication atomoxetine, as well as with the putative ADHD treatment SB 224289, a serotonin 5-HT1B antagonist that was previously found to reduce many of the impairments found in DAT -/- mice. These data provide evidence that DAT +/- mice show ADHD like deficits that may provide a better model of ADHD than DAT -/- mice, and further support the potential of 5-HT1B antagonists to reduce impulsive behavior.
This 13-slide slide set created with PowerPoint provides an introduction to antidepressants describing their discovery and development; their modes of action and relationship to the monoamine hypothesis of depression; and their efficacy, latency and unwanted actions. The beginner level introduction is tailored to aid the understanding of individual antidepressants. Contributed by Christopher Fowler, Ume奪 University, Sweden.
Paliris XR is an extended-release formulation of paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It uses an osmotically released oral delivery system to provide a consistent release of paliperidone over 24 hours. Paliperidone is a metabolite of risperidone and works as an antagonist at dopamine, serotonin, alpha-1, and histamine receptors. It has fewer side effects than risperidone and allows therapeutic drug levels to be reached without requiring supplementation during initiation of treatment. The document provides information on dosing, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and advantages of paliperidone over risperidone for treating
This document provides information on various mental health diagnoses including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, and substance abuse. It discusses the DSM-IV criteria and course of illness for each, as well as their effects on caregiving. Comorbidities and treatments including medications are also outlined. The long-term prognosis is generally good if the individual is compliant with medication and therapy, though relapse is common with substance abuse and personality disorders can be difficult to treat. Resources for support services in the Chicago area are provided.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 1-3% of the world's population. There is evidence of a genetic vulnerability to OCD, with increased rates of mental illness in relatives of those diagnosed and higher concordance rates in identical twins compared to fraternal twins. Common symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, or both. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in high doses are the first-line treatment approach approved by the FDA, though adding additional agents that target other neurotransmitter systems can augment treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses the treatment of schizophrenia and selection of antipsychotic medications. It provides information on:
- The core symptoms of schizophrenia and their association with brain circuits and dopamine pathways.
- The evolution of antipsychotic medications from first-generation to second-generation drugs with multiple receptor mechanisms of action.
- Principles of selecting antipsychotics based on individual patient factors like efficacy, tolerability, adherence, and cost.
- Details on how different antipsychotics bind to dopamine and other receptors and the implications for symptoms, side effects, and dosing schedules.
This study used a double-step task and pupillometry to assess response inhibition and attention/arousal in schizophrenia patients versus healthy controls. During the task, subjects had to look at targets that either remained in one location or stepped to a second location after a delay. Pupil size was measured between target presentations. Results found smaller pupil sizes in patients correlated with slower response inhibition. Patients also had generally smaller pupil sizes than controls. The study suggests reduced pupil size in patients may indicate greater cognitive engagement, though it paradoxically linked to worse inhibition performance. Pupil measurements provide insight into potential mechanisms of impaired cognitive control in schizophrenia.
This document discusses selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and their mechanisms of action and side effects. Some key points:
- SSRIs work by blocking the serotonin transporter, which leads to increased levels of serotonin in the brain. Their effects are mediated through different serotonin receptor subtypes.
- While all SSRIs are generally equally effective for depression, they have some differences in their pharmacokinetic properties like half-life and metabolism. They also have varying degrees of affinity for other neurotransmitter receptors.
- Their therapeutic effects are due to actions on serotonin receptors like 5-HT1A, while side effects are related to actions on other receptors like 5-HT2A/2
History of atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a nutshellRiikka Puurunen
油
Lecture slides presented at Aalto University course CHEM-E5175 Materials engineering by thin films (by Prof. Ville Miikkulainen), in a visiting lecture Jan 28, 2025
Contents:
1 Invention of Atomic Layer Epitaxy 1974
2 Microchemistry Ltd and spread of ALE/ALD
3 Independent invention, Molecular Layering 1960s -->
4 Connecting the two independent development branches of ALD
5 Take-home message
(Extra materials on fundamentals of ALD, assumed as background knowledge)
際際滷Share: /slideshow/history-of-atomic-layer-deposition-ald-in-a-nutshell/275984811
Youtube: https://youtu.be/FBLThDjRff0
Cell Structure & Function | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
油
This IGCSE Biology presentation provides a detailed look at cell structure and function, covering the differences between animal and plant cells, the roles of organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.), specialized cells, and levels of organization. Learn about diffusion, osmosis, and active transport in cells, with clear diagrams and explanations to support exam preparation. A must-have resource for Cambridge IGCSE students!
More Related Content
Similar to Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric Vulnerability (20)
Vortioxetine Brintellix Trintellix Clinical and Pre-clinical DataAmit Vishwakarma
油
Vortioxetine is indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Vortioxetine has several novel pharmacological properties
Vortioxetine is different from SSRIs/SNRIs due to direct effects at 5-HT receptors
In addition to being a SSRI, vortioxetine has modulating activity of a variety of serotonin receptors
Cognitive improvement is novel in series of antidepressant drugs
Research in the treatment and causes of schizophreniaS'eclairer
油
Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar, MD, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh
Medicine, Culture, and Spirituality Conference
September 9, 2011
Vilazodone is a serotonin partial agonist and reuptake inhibitor (SPARI) antidepressant approved for treatment of major depressive disorder. It has a dual mechanism of action - selective serotonin reuptake inhibition and high-affinity partial agonism of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. This dual action provides faster onset of antidepressant effects within 1-2 weeks. Studies have shown vilazodone to be effective and well-tolerated for short-term and long-term treatment of MDD, with comparable efficacy to SSRIs like escitalopram. It has fewer sexual side effects than SSRIs. The recommended dosage range is 40 mg per day.
1. The document discusses the neurobiology of depression, including epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and several proposed biological theories.
2. One theory suggests that depression may be related to abnormalities in monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. However, studies have shown mixed and inconclusive support for this hypothesis.
3. Other potential biological factors discussed include abnormalities in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hippocampal volume reductions, as well as dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis under stress.
Dr Andrea Grubb Barthwell: Neuroscience for Non-scientists: The Brian Targets...iCAADEvents
油
The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines substance use disorders (SUD) as測primary, chronic diseases of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry.
Without treatment測or engagement in recovery activities, this is reflected as an individual who is pathologically pursuing測reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviours, despite consequences.
As we develop測strategies and treatments to prevent use and intervene on early use, knowledge of the neuroscience can測improve our ability to respond effectively, and with compassion.
Each of the medication development測targets and psychological strategies employed in the treatment of SUD are tied to specific organ測systems, most generally the pathways in the brain.
Since many of the areas of the brain that are測involved with mental disorders overlap those affected by chronic drug use, medications that treat測symptoms of anxiety and mood are also useful in changing the incentives and patterns of use.
Andrea測G Barthwell, MD, DFASAM will present the neuroscience needed to understand SUDs and medications測that work on these systems.
Abilify Long Acting Injectable in Patients with Schizoaffective DisorderGeoffrey Brown, PharmD
油
This study evaluated the tolerability and effectiveness of aripiprazole long-acting injectable (LAI) in 18 outpatients with schizoaffective disorder. Patients received monthly injections of 400mg aripiprazole LAI for 6 months. Effectiveness was measured using PANSS and CGI-S scales, showing statistically significant improvements. Tolerability was good, with weight gain and akathisia reported as adverse effects in a small number of patients. While limited by sample size, the study provides preliminary evidence that aripiprazole LAI may be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for schizoaffective disorder. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological condition caused by a decline in the brain chemical dopamine. It is characterized by movement impairments like shaking, rigidity, slowness, and walking difficulties. There is no cure yet but medications and therapies can help control symptoms. As health professionals, we can implement rehabilitation programs to slow the progression of Parkinson's, including exercise programs like PD Warrior and LSVT BIG that use high intensity training to drive neuroplasticity and rewire the brain. Diet and medication absorption are also closely linked, so managing diet is important.
Ms. RS is a 35-year-old female patient with schizophrenia and hypothyroidism who presents with auditory and visual hallucinations, disturbed sleep, and suspicious thoughts. She exhibits both positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms like lack of activeness. She was initially prescribed typical antipsychotics like haloperidol and fluphenazine but developed resistance, so she was switched to clozapine and olanzepine, both atypical antipsychotics. Depot injections of antipsychotics are beneficial for schizophrenia management as they ensure medication adherence and more stable drug levels over time, reducing relapse risk compared to oral medications.
Serotonin and its role in psychiatry Aditya.pptxAdityaAgrawal238
油
Serotonin plays an important role in many psychiatric diseases. It is synthesized from tryptophan and found mainly in the gastrointestinal system and brain. In the brain, serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei and projects to various areas influencing mood, anxiety, sleep and other functions. Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and receptors are implicated in depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia and other disorders. Many psychiatric drugs work by altering serotonin levels and receptor activity, such as SSRIs which increase serotonin through SERT blockade, atypical antipsychotics which are 5HT2A antagonists, and triptans which are 5HT1B/1D agonists for migraine treatment.
Reductions in Impulsivity in an Animal Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivi...InsideScientific
油
Substantial evidence has shown that dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice constitute an animal model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). DAT -/- mice are hyperactive, show deficits in preattentional processes (e.g. sensorimotor gating), and have impaired executive function. DAT +/- mice show only limited deficits in the same behavioral tests. In examining more complex cognitive tasks using a 5-Choice apparatus, DAT -/- mice were found to be so behaviorally impaired that they could not learn even basic responding. Their attentional focus was solely oriented towards the food panel so that they failed to observe the lights behind them. DAT +/- were capable of learning the task and showed evidence of impulsive behavior in the 5-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5-Choice CPT). This impulsive behavior was eliminated by treatment with the known ADHD medication atomoxetine, as well as with the putative ADHD treatment SB 224289, a serotonin 5-HT1B antagonist that was previously found to reduce many of the impairments found in DAT -/- mice. These data provide evidence that DAT +/- mice show ADHD like deficits that may provide a better model of ADHD than DAT -/- mice, and further support the potential of 5-HT1B antagonists to reduce impulsive behavior.
This 13-slide slide set created with PowerPoint provides an introduction to antidepressants describing their discovery and development; their modes of action and relationship to the monoamine hypothesis of depression; and their efficacy, latency and unwanted actions. The beginner level introduction is tailored to aid the understanding of individual antidepressants. Contributed by Christopher Fowler, Ume奪 University, Sweden.
Paliris XR is an extended-release formulation of paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It uses an osmotically released oral delivery system to provide a consistent release of paliperidone over 24 hours. Paliperidone is a metabolite of risperidone and works as an antagonist at dopamine, serotonin, alpha-1, and histamine receptors. It has fewer side effects than risperidone and allows therapeutic drug levels to be reached without requiring supplementation during initiation of treatment. The document provides information on dosing, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and advantages of paliperidone over risperidone for treating
This document provides information on various mental health diagnoses including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, and substance abuse. It discusses the DSM-IV criteria and course of illness for each, as well as their effects on caregiving. Comorbidities and treatments including medications are also outlined. The long-term prognosis is generally good if the individual is compliant with medication and therapy, though relapse is common with substance abuse and personality disorders can be difficult to treat. Resources for support services in the Chicago area are provided.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 1-3% of the world's population. There is evidence of a genetic vulnerability to OCD, with increased rates of mental illness in relatives of those diagnosed and higher concordance rates in identical twins compared to fraternal twins. Common symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, or both. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in high doses are the first-line treatment approach approved by the FDA, though adding additional agents that target other neurotransmitter systems can augment treatment effectiveness.
This document discusses the treatment of schizophrenia and selection of antipsychotic medications. It provides information on:
- The core symptoms of schizophrenia and their association with brain circuits and dopamine pathways.
- The evolution of antipsychotic medications from first-generation to second-generation drugs with multiple receptor mechanisms of action.
- Principles of selecting antipsychotics based on individual patient factors like efficacy, tolerability, adherence, and cost.
- Details on how different antipsychotics bind to dopamine and other receptors and the implications for symptoms, side effects, and dosing schedules.
This study used a double-step task and pupillometry to assess response inhibition and attention/arousal in schizophrenia patients versus healthy controls. During the task, subjects had to look at targets that either remained in one location or stepped to a second location after a delay. Pupil size was measured between target presentations. Results found smaller pupil sizes in patients correlated with slower response inhibition. Patients also had generally smaller pupil sizes than controls. The study suggests reduced pupil size in patients may indicate greater cognitive engagement, though it paradoxically linked to worse inhibition performance. Pupil measurements provide insight into potential mechanisms of impaired cognitive control in schizophrenia.
This document discusses selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and their mechanisms of action and side effects. Some key points:
- SSRIs work by blocking the serotonin transporter, which leads to increased levels of serotonin in the brain. Their effects are mediated through different serotonin receptor subtypes.
- While all SSRIs are generally equally effective for depression, they have some differences in their pharmacokinetic properties like half-life and metabolism. They also have varying degrees of affinity for other neurotransmitter receptors.
- Their therapeutic effects are due to actions on serotonin receptors like 5-HT1A, while side effects are related to actions on other receptors like 5-HT2A/2
History of atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a nutshellRiikka Puurunen
油
Lecture slides presented at Aalto University course CHEM-E5175 Materials engineering by thin films (by Prof. Ville Miikkulainen), in a visiting lecture Jan 28, 2025
Contents:
1 Invention of Atomic Layer Epitaxy 1974
2 Microchemistry Ltd and spread of ALE/ALD
3 Independent invention, Molecular Layering 1960s -->
4 Connecting the two independent development branches of ALD
5 Take-home message
(Extra materials on fundamentals of ALD, assumed as background knowledge)
際際滷Share: /slideshow/history-of-atomic-layer-deposition-ald-in-a-nutshell/275984811
Youtube: https://youtu.be/FBLThDjRff0
Cell Structure & Function | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
油
This IGCSE Biology presentation provides a detailed look at cell structure and function, covering the differences between animal and plant cells, the roles of organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.), specialized cells, and levels of organization. Learn about diffusion, osmosis, and active transport in cells, with clear diagrams and explanations to support exam preparation. A must-have resource for Cambridge IGCSE students!
Telescope equatorial mount polar alignment quick reference guidebartf25
油
Telescope equatorial mount polar alignment quick reference guide. Helps with accurate alignment and improved guiding for your telescope. Provides a step-by-step process but in a summarized format so that the quick reference guide can be reviewed and the steps repeated while you are out under the stars with clear skies preparing for a night of astrophotography imaging or visual observing.
Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
油
This extensive slide deck provides a detailed exploration of variation and natural selection for IGCSE Biology. It covers key concepts such as genetic and environmental variation, types of variation (continuous and discontinuous), mutation, evolution, and the principles of natural selection. The presentation also explains Darwins theory of evolution, adaptation, survival of the fittest, selective breeding, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, and speciation. With illustrative diagrams, real-life examples, and exam-style questions, this resource is ideal for IGCSE students, teachers, and independent learners preparing for exams.
Hormones and the Endocrine System | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
油
This IGCSE Biology presentation explores hormones and the endocrine system, explaining their role in controlling body functions. Learn about the differences between nervous and hormonal control, major endocrine glands, key hormones (such as insulin, adrenaline, and testosterone), and homeostasis. Understand how hormones regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and the fight-or-flight response. A perfect resource for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!
The Solar Systems passage through the Radcliffe wave during the middle MioceneS辿rgio Sacani
油
As the Solar System orbits the Milky Way, it encounters various Galactic environments, including dense regions of the
interstellar medium (ISM). These encounters can compress the heliosphere, exposing parts of the Solar System to the ISM, while also
increasing the influx of interstellar dust into the Solar System and Earths atmosphere. The discovery of new Galactic structures, such
as the Radcliffe wave, raises the question of whether the Sun has encountered any of them.
Aims. The present study investigates the potential passage of the Solar System through the Radcliffe wave gas structure over the past
30 million years (Myr).
Methods. We used a sample of 56 high-quality, young (30 Myr) open clusters associated with a region of interest of the Radcliffe
wave to trace its motion back and investigate a potential crossing with the Solar Systems past orbit.
Results. We find that the Solar Systems trajectory intersected the Radcliffe wave in the Orion region. We have constrained the timing
of this event to between 18.2 and 11.5 Myr ago, with the closest approach occurring between 14.8 and 12.4 Myr ago. Notably, this
period coincides with the Middle Miocene climate transition on Earth, providing an interdisciplinary link with paleoclimatology. The
potential impact of the crossing of the Radcliffe wave on the climate on Earth is estimated. This crossing could also lead to anomalies
in radionuclide abundances, which is an important research topic in the field of geology and nuclear astrophysics.
PROTEIN DEGRADATION via ubiquitous pathawayKaviya Priya A
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Protein degradation via ubiquitous pathway In general science, a ubiquitous pathway refers to a biochemical or metabolic pathway that is:
1. *Widely present*: Found in many different organisms, tissues, or cells.
2. *Conserved*: Remains relatively unchanged across different species or contexts.
Examples of ubiquitous pathways include:
1. *Glycolysis*: The process of breaking down glucose for energy, found in nearly all living organisms.
2. *Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)*: A key metabolic pathway involved in energy production, present in many cells.
3. *Pentose phosphate pathway*: A metabolic pathway involved in energy production and antioxidant defenses, found in many organisms.
These pathways are essential for life and have been conserved across evolution, highlighting their importance for cellular function and survival.
Detection of ferrihydrite in Martian red dust records ancient cold and wet co...S辿rgio Sacani
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Iron oxide-hydroxide minerals in Martian dust provide crucial insights into
Mars past climate and habitability. Previous studies attributed Mars red color
to anhydrous hematite formed through recent weathering. Here, we show that
poorly crystalline ferrihydrite (Fe5O8H 揃 nH2O) is the dominant iron oxidebearing phase in Martian dust, based on combined analyses of orbital, in-situ,
and laboratory visible near-infrared spectra. Spectroscopic analyses indicate
that a hyperfine mixture of ferrihydrite, basalt and sulfate best matches Martian dust observations. Through laboratory experiments and kinetic calculations, we demonstrate that ferrihydrite remains stable under present-day
Martian conditions, preserving its poorly crystalline structure. The persistence
of ferrihydrite suggests it formed during a cold, wet period on early Mars
under oxidative conditions, followed by a transition to the current hyper-arid
environment. This finding challenges previous models of continuous dry oxidation and indicates that ancient Mars experienced aqueous alteration before
transitioning to its current desert state.
際際滷 describe the role of ABA in plant abiotic stress mitigation. 際際滷 include role of ABA in cold stress, drought stress and salt stress mitigation along with role of ABA in stomatal regulation.
Drugs and Their Effects | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This IGCSE Biology presentation explores drugs and their effects on the human body, covering medicinal drugs, recreational drugs, and drug abuse. Learn about the impact of stimulants, depressants, painkillers, hallucinogens, and performance-enhancing drugs, as well as the dangers of alcohol, nicotine, and illegal substances. Ideal for Cambridge IGCSE students looking to understand this important topic for exams!
How could modern LA research address data-related ethics issues in informal and situated professional learning? I will identify in this talk three relevant insights based on field studies around workplace LA interventions: Firstly, in informal and situated learning, data isnt just about the learners. Secondly, the affordances of manual and automatic data tracking for learning are very different, with manual tracking allowing a high degree of learner control over data. Thirdly, learning is not necessarily a shared goal in workplaces. These can be translated into seeing a potential for systems endowed with sufficient natural-language-processing capability (now seemingly at our fingertips with LLMs), and socio-technical design and scenario-based data collection analysis as design and research methods.
The Arctic through the lens of data visualizationZachary Labe
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26 February 2025
Rider University, Global Biogeochemistry Class Visit (Presentation): Arctic climate change through the lens of data visualization, NOAA GFDL, Princeton, USA.
This ppt shows about viral disease in plants and vegetables.It shows different species of virus effect on plants along their vectors which carries those tiny microbes.
Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric Vulnerability
1. Role of Serotonin in a Genetic Murine Model of Psychiatric
Vulnerability
Universit degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
Facolt di Medicina e di Psicologia
Neuroscienze Cognitive e Riabilitazione Psicologica
Tesi di Laurea Magistrale
Supervisor: Prof.ssa Cristina Orsini
Co-advisor: Prof.ssa Simona Cabib
Laureando: Gianvito Lagravinese
Anno Accademico 2015/2016
2. Obey impulsive action and choice
Premature responses
Inhability to hold or stop an action
Lack of planning
Extreme reactivity to reward associated stimuli
Impulsivity
Substance abuse
Psychiatric disorders:
APD
Bipolar Disorder (maniacal)
Borderline disorder
Disinhibition dimension trait (DSM
V )
Disihinibitory control
3. Impulsivity & Serotonin
Serotonin (5-HT) exerts an inhibitory
control on impulsive behaviour
Clinical studies
Preclinical studies
Depletions
impulsivity
SSRI drugs
premature responses
cue reactivity to drugs associated
stimuli (conditionated craving)
12. Conclusions
Enhancing serotonin could have increased patience
by improving the ability of waiting the reward
Limitations:
Acute administration could have not be enough to
enhance 5-HT levels
Systemic administration does not allow to understand
the specific action of 5-HT
5-HT could be necessary to inhibit the development of
sign-tracking but not to inhibits its expression
#3: Impulsivity is not a unified concept, in fact it includes a large variety of behaviours, LIKE:
Because of that, it has been considered by the most recent version of the diagnostic manual of mental disorder, DSM fifth, like a trait included in the axial dimension called 束dishinibition損In fact, the disihnibitory control is considered to be the main deficit of impulsivity and all the diseases caracterized by impulsivity, such as substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, have in common a dishinibitory control deficit.
#4: Centrale, circa il controllo inibitorio, 竪 il ruolo della serotonina. Infatti, Studi sulluomo hanno evidenziato ridotti livelli del metabolita della serotonina in soggetti impulsivi e studi sullanimale hanno rivelato che ridurre la presenza di serotonina per mezzo di deplezioni, aumenta limpulsivit. Viceversa la somministrazione di farmaci inibitori della ricaptazione della serotonina, che ne aumentano la quantit, sembrano ridurre le risposte premature, tipiche del comportamento impulsivo e la reattivit agli stimoli associati alle droghe dabuso (craving condizionato).
#5: A questo proposito 竪 stata trovata una relazione tra la serotonina e gli stimoli associati. Il paradigma dellautoshaping, o condizionamento pavloviano, consiste nella ripetuta presentazione di uno stimolo e una successiva ricompensa. In alcuni topi si osserva un comportamento condizionato diretto verso la leva (sign-trackers), in altri verso il luogo in cui sar dato il cibo (goal tracker) ma che non sar presente fino a quando non rientrer la leva. La variabilit nello sviluppare i due fenotipi 竪 individuale. Il fenotipo sign-tracker 竪 caratterizzato da una elevata sensibilit agli stimoli ed 竪 stato proposto che tale fenotipo sia predittivo dellimpulsivit.
#6: I topi DBA sono conosciuti perch辿 impulsivi e perch辿 esprimono fortemente sign-tracking a differenza dei C57 che non sono n辿 impulsivi n辿 esprimono sign-tracking. Tra le differenze tra questi due ceppi ci sono differenze genotipiche serotoninergiche. Infatti il ceppo DBA, 竪 caratterizzato da una variante allelica del gente TPH2 che favorirebbe una ridotta funzionalit serotoninergica e un ridotto rilascio basale corticale.
Limportanza della serotonina per lo sviluppo di tale fenotipo 竪 stata verificata da Campus che ha effettuato una deplezione serotoninergica in topi C57, che sono meno predisposti allo sviluppo di sign-tracking. Questo studio ha identificato che una riduzione serotoninergica permette lespressione di sign-tracking anche in questo ceppo.
#7: Sulla base di tutti questi dati ABBIAMO IPOTIZZATO che aumentare la presenza di serotonina in un ceppo che geneticamente ne esprime minori quantit, come i DBA, dovrebbe sovvertire il comportamento di sign-tracking.
Abbiamo quindi condotto un esperimento di Autoshaping suddiviso in 11 giorni di addestramento e un giorno di trattamento dove somministravamo fluoxetina i.p. (quindi sistemica) acuta 30 min prima della sessione. Le misure che sto per presentare riguardano indici di approccio alle leve e ai magazzini considerando il numero dei contatti, le probabilit dei contatti e le latenze. Per quanto riguarda gli approcci ai magazzini vengono considerati solo gli ingressi nei 10 secondi in cui esce la leva. Inoltre, i dati sono anche stati analizzati con un indice PCA che esprime la prevalenza delluno sullaltro per mezzo di difference score.
#8:
Abbiamo quindi condotto un esperimento di Autoshaping suddiviso in 11 giorni di addestramento e un giorno di trattamento dove somministravamo fluoxetina i.p. (quindi sistemica) acuta 30 min prima della sessione. Le misure che sto per presentare riguardano indici di approccio alle leve e ai magazzini considerando il numero dei contatti, le probabilit dei contatti e le latenze. Per quanto riguarda gli approcci ai magazzini vengono considerati solo gli ingressi nei 10 secondi in cui esce la leva. Inoltre, i dati sono anche stati analizzati con un indice PCA che esprime la prevalenza delluno sullaltro per mezzo di difference score.
#9: Risultati. In questo primo grafico sono rappresentati gli approcci alla leva.
Consideriamo approcci alla leva solo quando i topi toccavano con il muso la stessa.
Sono rappresentati i numeri di contatto, le probabilit di contatto al centro e le latenze. Sono rappresentati prima i giorni di addestramento pre-trattamento dal giorno 1 al giorno 11,e poi il giorno 12 del trattamento. Lanalisi statistica ha evidenziato che tutti gli animali hanno sviluppato sign-tracking, come evidenziato dallaumento progressivo dei contatti, della probabilit e una riduzione delle latenze di approccio.
Gli effetti del trattamento sugli animali sono stati pressoch辿 nulli per quanto riguarda i comportamenti diretti alla leva.
#10: In questo grafico possiamo osservare i Comportamenti rivolti al magazzino durante la presenza della leva.
Come si evince dal grafico, i MAGAZZINI SONO INVARIATI, evidenziando che NON c竪 stato sviluppo del comportamento preferenziale verso i magazzini o GOAL-TRACKING.
In alto il numero dei magazzini e le probabilit sono DIMINUITI a seguito del trattamento CON FLUOXETINA.
Inoltre anche velocit nellapprocciarsi ai magazzini 竪 aumentata.
#11: I comportamenti presenti nella slide precedente vengono presentati in un unico indice che effettua differenze di punteggi tra i comportamenti diretti alle leve, i comportamenti diretti ai magazzini e i comportamenti misti per probabilit, numero di contatti e latenze.
Questo indice 竪 un ulteriore conferma che lapproccio preferenziale 竪 verso la leva, quindi i topi hanno sviluppato sign-tracking nelladdestramento.
Come non ci si aspettava, il trattamento, mostrato nella colonna B, ha mostrato un aumento del sign-tracking. Risultato opposto a quanto atteso.
#12: In questa figura viene analizzata la percentuale di trial espressa come differenza tra il giorno 12 di trattamento e il giorno 11, ultimo giorno di addestramento. Le percentuali identificano le risposte miste (both), le risposte singole verso la leva o il magazzino (only), e quelle prive di qualsiasi risposta (none). Come si evince dallimmagine, a seguito della somministrazione di serotonina diminuiscono il numero di prove di comportamento misto e aumentano le risposte only, dirette verso o solo la leva o solo il magazzino, e le percentuali prive di risposta.
#13: Per concludere.
La fluoxetina ha esercitato un certo controllo comportamentale su questi animali.
Laumento del sign-tracking non 竪 stato dato dal un aumento delle leve ma da riduzioni dei magazzini. Lunico effetto reale non 竪 laumento del sign-tracking ma la diminuzione dei magazzini. Abbiamo interpretato questo dato cos狸. Gli ingressi nei magazzini prima della consegna del cibo sono considerati come risposte premature e quindi indice di impulsivit perch辿 c竪 limpossibilit dalla parte del topo di controllare un comportamento e attendere la ricompensa. Siamo dellopinione che la fluoxetina abbia svolto un controllo inibitorio sulla risposta prematura, agendo sul timing behaviour, favorendo la pazienza.