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System Analysis
and Design
Solving Problems
and User Story

Why is software built?
Software is often built to help the business clients or
users solve their problems (called “pain points”)
o What is not working properly?
o What is hurting them?
o How serious is the pain?
Example
o Unable to respond to changing market conditions quickly
The clients/users can often express their pain points,
but not the solution

• Humans have pain points like - “I am
bored”, “I need inspiration”
–Many systems are built for these pain
points

What is the Problem?
• Software is built to address “pain/pleasure points”
• The better the problem can be stated/framed, the
more likely it can be solved
• To ensure success, we need to pay proper attention
to what is not working properly, what is hurting us
– pain/pleasure points
• Once we identify the key high-level pain/pleasure
points, further analysis will result in a detailed view
of the problem
• Problem exists in a context
– We need to understand the context to understand the
“Pain Points”

How much do you understand the problem?
• To better understand the problem context, we
should be familiar with the
– Domain vocabulary (terminologies meaningful to
the problem)
– Activities, processes and tasks that require
software solutions
• Examples of domain vocabulary:
– “Credit”, “Debit”, “Account” and “Statement” all
have a particular meaning in the banking domain
• Example of the process:
– Enrolment

Actors
• What/who are people/things interacting with
the software that we plan to develop?
– In Software Engineering we call these
people/things “Actors”
• Actors can have an impact on how the new
software should operate
• Important to analyze these impacts when
designing software solutions
– Pain points of the clients/users must be addressed

Actors
• Actors play a role in the software system
– A single ‘real human’ can take on multiple roles
– An external system is considered an actor (iPod is an actor
in the iTunes system)
– If it interfaces with the system, then it can be considered
an actor
• Every actor has different pain points
– This means, the iPod (a non sentient entity) has pain
points - - in its case it will be the interface to the iTunes
software
– iPod itself does not have the issue, but the developers of
the iPod software will want a simple interface to iTunes

Actor Goals
• Every actor has a set of pain/pleasure points -- we
build software to address these points
• Actors also have a ‘GOAL’ state in mind
– Actors use systems to reach their ‘GOAL’ state
• Example GOALS:
– Get the list of latest books on OOAD
– Purchase a book from the online book store
– View the latest video lectures on OOAD
• Software must allow the actor to achieve their ‘GOALS’

What constraints are you dealing with?
• Constraints restrict your choices on how problems
can be solved
• Example:
– You must solve the problem in 2 months with $X
– You are asked to improve performance of the current
system, which was written in the Cobol language
– The developed system must work in the client’s operating
environment, which is Linux
• Some other constraints could be
– Laws/regulations
– User’s current training/education level

Problem domain
• Identify actors
• Understand the need/impact of each actor
• Write down the goals of each actor
• What are the constraints that we have to work
with?
• What is the domain vocabulary?
Analysing the problem to figure out a direction
of solving this problem (“solution direction”)

Assumptions
• When we develop solutions, we often make
assumptions on the problem domain
• Example: The users understand English, so the
instructions given to the users are written in
English
• Should we verify the validity of our
assumptions?
– Better do so, otherwise, we may waste our time in
developing useless solutions for the clients/users

Solution development
• Choose the best solution out of potential solutions
(requires decision making)
• Decision making is influenced by
– Constraints (including some environmental factors)
– Habits and Personality
• Questions to ask
– Are these reasonable choices?
• Can we defend the decisions/choices that we have made?
– What is the impact of each choice?
• Constraints of our next steps

Solution domain
• Initially, we may just have a solution
direction
• Throughout the software development
process, we keep refining the solutions
based on
–Our understanding of the problem domain
–Previous decisions made for the solution
• Note: Some of the decisions we made in the
past will restrict what we do next

Problem domain vs Solution domain

Some useful statements
• In an early stage of software development,
it is useful to have/make the following two
statements
–Problem statement
–Vision statement

Problem statement
• Describes what needs to be done without
describing how
• Agreed by all members in the project
• A description of a problem that helps the non-
technical and technical personnel
communicate
– Technical terms should be explained if used

Problem statement
The problem of
people not being able to communicate
properly as they get older
affects
the elderly and people with speech,
hearing, and memory disabilities
the impact of which is
difficulty in communicating with other
people and difficulty in seeking help in
emergency situations
a successful solution
would be
a simple, mobile application that will
provide users with means of expressing
themselves, and more easily
understanding others. The product would
also support efficient means of reaching
emergency contacts.

Vision statement
• It aims to
– Cover the essence of the new system
– Market the software
– Keep the developers focused on the “core” essence of the
system
• It should be brief
• Example -> JU vision:
At JU, we are passionate about excellence in higher
education, vocational training and research. As an institution we
are flexible in our teaching and learning, focused in our research
and engaged with both industry and the community. We are
committed to a sustainable JU.

Vision statement template
• The various parts of a general vision
statement are:
– For (target user, audience)
– Who (statement of the need or opportunity)
– The (product name) is a (product category)
– That (key benefit, compelling reason to build/buy)
– Unlike (primary competitive alternative)
– Our product (statement of primary differentiation)

For
elderly or disabled persons with speech, hearing, and
memory disabilities
Who have difficulty communicating with others
The HOPE Cellular
Phone
Application (HCPA)
is a software application
That
provides the ability to communicate more effectively
with others, and swiftly contact emergency responders
through a simple, intuitive interface
Unlike
currently available systems that have poor interface to
communicate with others and do not provide a
detailed system for emergency services.
Our product
provides users with means of expressing themselves,
and more easily understanding others. This is
accomplished by text-to-speech and speech-to-text
functionality and other features. The product also
supports efficient means of reaching emergency
contacts and emergency responders.

Vision statement template (cont.)
• Example one: Vision statement for the “CSE_Dynamics” game
– For: CSE, JUstudents
– Who: Are bored in between the lectures
– The: CSE_Dynamics is a real-time strategy game
– That: allows hours of interactive game play
– Unlike: Warcraft
– Our: CSE_Dynamics is custom designed to ensure that you can play
with other CSE, JU students
• Once the key information is stated as above, it needs to be
written up into a single paragraph like:
– “CSE_Dynamics is a {THE} real-time strategy game for (CSE, JU)
students who are bored in between classes. Unlike Warcraft,
CSE_Dynamics is {OUR} custom designed to {THAT} ensure hours of
interactive game play between CSE, JUstudents.”

Vision statement template (cont.)
• Example Two: Vision statement for the MJB online job-board:
– For: Candidates
– Who: Are seeking jobs
– The: MJB is an online job board
– That: Allows recruiters to post vacancies
– Unlike: The classified section of the newspaper
– Our: Job board allows for fast search and real-time access to
positions
• The final vision statement for the MJB online job-board becomes
– “The MJB is {THE} an online job board for candidates who are
seeking jobs. Unlike the classified section of the newspaper, MJB
allows {THAT} recruiters to post vacancies and allows {OUR} job
hunters to fast search and real-time access to positions.”

Gaps
• All projects work with gaps -- these gaps cause
risks of project failures
• Three possible gaps
– Knowledge gap - Do we know what to do?
– Skill gap - Do we have the skills to do this?
– Technology gap – Do existing technologies help us
solve our problem? Can we afford it?

Knowledge gap
• This gap exists when your knowledge of an
issue or aspect is not complete
• Cause for inability to identify knowledge gaps
– Over self-confident
– The ego tends to hide some issues

Skill gap
• You know it, you have seen it done by others
• However, your skill for doing this is not good --
“insufficient practice”
• Example: “I do not know how long it will take
to do X”
• Skills are difficult to develop without a certain
level of practice
– Again, ego tends to amplify your ability
• Should/Can all tasks be performed by experts?

Technology gap
• You know what to do, but do you know which
technique and technology to use?
• The techniques and technologies, that have
ever been used to solve similar problems as
yours, are more likely to work for your project
• Research and careful analysis are required to
close the technology gaps in your project

Impact of gaps
• If you have any of these gaps (Knowledge, Skill and
• Technology) and do not know how to deal with
them, you are not really ready to start the project
• Gap analysis and spiking
– How critical are these gaps to project success?
– Can you close these gaps? How to close them? A plan is
required to spike each gap out …
– Without an early spiking, the project is more likely to fail

Capturing gaps
• Along the development, more and more gaps will
start to appear
• For example, the following new questions will come
up:
– Do we have a library that will do X for us?
– Is there a framework that will solve Y for me?
– Can we deliver the quality goals with our current
technology?
• You need to ask yourself which gap is motivating you
towards these questions
– This will help you define the spiking plan

Problem, actor, pain point and goal
• Case study problem:
– “Jerry lives in Melbourne and finds the weather patterns
are odd. He is frustrated everyday since he either wears
too many or too few clothes. He often gets wet as he is
walking to work. This upsets him.”
• Actor: Jerry
• Pain points of Jerry
– Frustration due to weather patterns
– Sometimes Jerry gets wet because he didn’t dress for
expected showers
• GOAL:
– "Jerry is unable to dress adequately for the weather conditions in
Melbourne. He needs the latest reliable weather forecast
information before getting dressed & leaving home”

Problems to be solved
• Presenting the weather information in a way that
Jerry can understand and act on it
• Select a reliable weather information provider,
i.e. 95% accurate for next day forecast
• Define a mechanism to get the weather
information from the provider (Cost?)
• Identify the frequency at which we retrieve the
weather information. (Hourly? Daily? Weekly?)
This frequency may change the reliability of
information.

Some knowledge gaps
• Unclear about the following issues
– What constitutes latest weather?
– What is the metric for reliability/accuracy of weather
forecast?
– What will happen if we provide the wrong information?
Will this be expensive?
– How much information does Jerry need to dress properly?
– Do we need to train Jerry in weather vocabulary and
interpretation?
– How do we deliver the information? (SMS/E-mail/Internet
etc.)
• How critical are these gaps to project success?
• Plan to close the gaps …

Potential solutions
1. Change the weather patterns in Melbourne
2. Climate control the path Jerry takes to work
3. Brain wash Jerry to live with odd weather
patterns
4. Provide Jerry with the latest weather forecast
before he leaves home allowing him to dress
appropriately
5. Teach Jerry to wear layers

Assumptions
• Some obvious assumptions
– Jerry can read English and understand basic weather
terminology
– There is a source for weather forecast (i.e. we need not
invent the technology and build the infrastructure)
• In order for the (chosen) solution to work, the
following assumption is required even though we
have no control of it
– Jerry will make wise choices (regarding to what to wear)
when provided with an accurate weather forecast
• Check the validity of the above assumptions

Solution attributes
• Ways of delivering weather information
– SMS/E-mail
– Internet
– Secure
• Characteristics of the provided information
– Accurate and reliable
– Current
– Simple and Clear
• All of these attributes reflect decisions made either
by Jerry (i.e. user) or by the solution developer

Elaboration of the solution attributes

More assumptions
• Jerry has a device capable of receiving an SMS
or E-mail
• Jerry can register via the Internet
• A reliable weather forecast provider exists at a
reasonable price
– Bold words are still not clear and need to be
refined, for example,
• Internet → Web application
• Reasonable price → less than 5c a day

Decisions made during solution refinement
• Weather forecast will be taken from the Bureau
of Meteorology (BOM). Only freely available data
from their web site shall be used
http://www.bom.gov.au/vic/forecasts/melbourne
.shtml
• Forecast information shall be sent via an SMS
message at 6:00am in the morning. This will be
based on the forecast issued at 5:00am by the
BOM.

Some domain vocabulary
BOM
Weather forecast, Current forecast
Weather terms: Rain, Showers, Fine, etc
SMS
Registered user

Data analysis
• What type of information (output) can allow the user to
reach their goals?
– Which scale of measurement does Jerry understand? (Celsius or
Fahrenheit)
• What is the input that we need to produce this output,
and can we get this input data?
– Example: we need to provide the following information in the output:
• Temperature range
• Current temperature
• Wind speed
• Probability of rain/shower/precipitation, and when it is likely to occur
– Sample output - “Rain in the morning. Fine after. 12oC– 24oC. Current
temp: 12oC, Wind: 5 miles/hr north”
– How do we fit the data from BOM into an SMS message? What data
can we remove? What is the risk?

Data analysis (cont.)
• Can we provide this output within the overall
scope and constraints identified so far?
– What happens if Jerry moves to Sydney (or overseas)?
– What happens if BOM stops providing free weather
forecast services?
• What inputs are required from the users?
– Information required to register Jerry
• Need to identify key inputs and outputs of the
software
• Need to design test cases

Types of Requirements
• Functional requirements: Describe the interactions between
the system and its environment independent from
implementation
– The watch system must display the time based on its location
• Nonfunctional requirements: User visible aspects of the
system not directly related to functional behavior.
– The response time must be less than 1 second
– The accuracy must be within a second
– The watch must be available 24 hours a day except from 2:00am -
2:01am and 3:00am - 3:01am
• Constraints (“Pseudo requirements”): Imposed by the client
or the environment in which the system will operate
– The implementation language must be COBOL

Properties of Requirements
• Correct
• Complete
• Consistent
• Clear, unambiguous
• Realistic
• Verifiable
• Traceable

Collecting data in the problem domain
• To understand the problem that we are dealing
with, we can adopt the following techniques
– Interview
– Questionnaire
– Experimentation by building a prototype
– Observation
– Document inspection
– User story

User Story
• User Story
– Users tell the stories, and developers listen, ask questions
to understand context
– A short description of the behaviour of the system
• Generally implementation issues are not discussed
• The entire system is specified through stories
• Each story is short, goal oriented – testable
– Can be used for usability testing
• Story is descriptive, but often a diagram or a sample
output page helps to explain the concept much
better
– As in user interface snippets, forms or reports

Data to be collected and analyzed
• Actors - role and responsibility
• Scenarios/User Stories
• Source of the data that we have to deal with
(reliability and accuracy, etc)
• Information that actors want (output)
• Software interfaces to existing actors
• What cause events to happen, and what cause work
to be created
• Workflows and activities
• Knowing what type of problem it is (solvable?)

What is a User Story?
• A User Story is a requirement expressed from the perspective
of an end-user goal.
• It’s usually written out as a couple of sentences. Most user
stories are written in the language of the users, so any user
should be able to read a user story and immediately
understand what it means.
• A User Story is really just a well-expressed requirement.
• User Story is only meant to describe a feature, but not
describe how to implement it, meaning leaving out the
technical aspect, it should describe the behavior or flow from
user’s perspective.

What is a User Story?
• The User Story format has become the most popular
way of expressing requirements in Agile for a number
of reasons:
– It focuses on the viewpoint of a role who will use or be
impacted by the solution
– It defines the requirement in language that has meaning
for that role
– It helps to clarify the true reason for the requirement
• It helps to define high level requirements without
necessarily going into low level detail too early

User Story
• User Stories are often deemed to comprise
three elements - the 3C’s
• Card
• Conversation
• Confirmation

Details as conditions of satisfaction

Details added in smaller sub-stories

User Story format
• The format of the User Story is as follows:
As a < role>
I need <requirement or feature>
So that <goal / value>

User Story (Logging in)
• Confirmation
1. Success – valid user logged in and refer to home page
– a. “Remember me” ticked – store cookie/automatic login
next time.
– b. “Remember me” not ticked – force login next time.
2. Failure – display message:
– a. “Email address in wrong format”
– b. “Incorrect user name, please try again”
– c. “Incorrect password, please try again”
– d. “Service unavailable – please try again later”
– e. “Account has expired – refer to account renewal page”

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