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Samples used in Forensic Odontology

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Alisha Karmali
Alisha Karmali

This document discusses the use of dental evidence in forensic odontology. Teeth can be used to identify remains because each person has a unique dental structure. Teeth also contain DNA that can be extracted and analyzed. Dental evidence is used to identify human remains, determine age and sex of skeletal remains, and analyze bite marks. DNA can be extracted from teeth through cryogenic grinding or drilling root canals. Bite marks are photographed and dental casts are used to compare marks to a suspect's teeth. Computer programs can also assist in dental identification and bite mark analysis. Saliva and blood can also be sources of DNA evidence through analysis of cells.

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VARIOUS SAMPLES USED IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY PRESENTED BY :- ALISHA KARMALI
Why Teeth? I. Each individual has individual set of teeth which can be traced back to establish dental records. II. Teeth are a source of DNA, dental pulp or crushed tooth can provide nuclear or mitochondrial DNA to help identify that person.
When is Dental Identification used? I. To identify human remains that cannot be identified using face recognition, fingerprint or other means. II. Identify bodies in mass fatalities (e.g. plane crashes) III. Determine the source of bite mark injuries (assault or suspected abuse sexual assault, child abuse, personal defense situations) IV. Estimate age and sex of skeletal remains. V. Testify in case of dental malpractices. VI. Other methods Cheiloscopy (study of lip prints), Rugoscopy (study of palate rugae patterns), Sialochemistry (detection of chemicals in saliva).
Post Mortem dental profiling :- I. It includes descendants ethnic origin, gender, age. II. Race Determination (country of residence) Treatment quality. III. Sex determination teeth are generally smaller in females (mesio-diatal and bucco-lingual dimensions). Canines show max. sex difference- being larger in males. By DNA analysis Y chromosome from dental pulp after 1yr of death. From Amelogenin enamel protein located on X and Y chromosome. Barr bodies and x-chromosome of female detected on buccal mucosa epithelium.
Identification from Dental DNA : Teeth Excellent source of DNA PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplifies highly degraded DNA. Types of DNA- 1. Genomic or Nuclear DNA (commonly used) 2. Mitochondrial DNA
Extraction of Dental DNA :- CRYOGENIC GRINDING Coding the whole tooth to extremely low temperature using liquid nitrogen and grinding to fine powder. Less destructive method is drilling the root canals and scrapping pulp area.
Bite Marks :- Impression from teeth found on skin or items left in the scene outline teeth placement. Bite marks are photographed with scale. Cast impression is taken. Impression traced on transparencies. Casts of suspects teeth are taken. Comparison between suspects teeth and bite mark. Site of bite marks - Females breasts, legs (sexual assault) Children genitals, oral-, para- oral regions (child abuse) Males- fingers, arms, shoulders (fight)
Samples used in Forensic Odontology
Computer Odontology - I. Automatic dental code matching bites run through search to find a match II. Odontosearch compare on bases of missing peoples. III. Automatic dental identification system list of people who have the same dental code number. IV. 3D bite mark analysis used to generate overlays with various pressure and deviations. Overlays compared with bite marks.
Saliva :- It is a major source of DNA because it cantains sloughed epithelial cells from oral mucosa and inner surface of lips. Enzymes present in saliva and teeth Streptococcus Salivaricus PCR provides means to identify the bacterial composition from bite marks and can be matched exclusively to those from the teeth responsible.
Blood :- Red blood cells do not have any DNA, as they lose their nuclei (the compartment in a cell that contains the DNA) as they mature. So the DNA in your blood is in your white blood cells. To get at it, scientists first spin a small sample of your blood at high speed, to separate the cells from the blood fluid.

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Samples used in Forensic Odontology

  • 1. VARIOUS SAMPLES USED IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY PRESENTED BY :- ALISHA KARMALI
  • 2. Why Teeth? I. Each individual has individual set of teeth which can be traced back to establish dental records. II. Teeth are a source of DNA, dental pulp or crushed tooth can provide nuclear or mitochondrial DNA to help identify that person.
  • 3. When is Dental Identification used? I. To identify human remains that cannot be identified using face recognition, fingerprint or other means. II. Identify bodies in mass fatalities (e.g. plane crashes) III. Determine the source of bite mark injuries (assault or suspected abuse sexual assault, child abuse, personal defense situations) IV. Estimate age and sex of skeletal remains. V. Testify in case of dental malpractices. VI. Other methods Cheiloscopy (study of lip prints), Rugoscopy (study of palate rugae patterns), Sialochemistry (detection of chemicals in saliva).
  • 4. Post Mortem dental profiling :- I. It includes descendants ethnic origin, gender, age. II. Race Determination (country of residence) Treatment quality. III. Sex determination teeth are generally smaller in females (mesio-diatal and bucco-lingual dimensions). Canines show max. sex difference- being larger in males. By DNA analysis Y chromosome from dental pulp after 1yr of death. From Amelogenin enamel protein located on X and Y chromosome. Barr bodies and x-chromosome of female detected on buccal mucosa epithelium.
  • 5. Identification from Dental DNA : Teeth Excellent source of DNA PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplifies highly degraded DNA. Types of DNA- 1. Genomic or Nuclear DNA (commonly used) 2. Mitochondrial DNA
  • 6. Extraction of Dental DNA :- CRYOGENIC GRINDING Coding the whole tooth to extremely low temperature using liquid nitrogen and grinding to fine powder. Less destructive method is drilling the root canals and scrapping pulp area.
  • 7. Bite Marks :- Impression from teeth found on skin or items left in the scene outline teeth placement. Bite marks are photographed with scale. Cast impression is taken. Impression traced on transparencies. Casts of suspects teeth are taken. Comparison between suspects teeth and bite mark. Site of bite marks - Females breasts, legs (sexual assault) Children genitals, oral-, para- oral regions (child abuse) Males- fingers, arms, shoulders (fight)
  • 9. Computer Odontology - I. Automatic dental code matching bites run through search to find a match II. Odontosearch compare on bases of missing peoples. III. Automatic dental identification system list of people who have the same dental code number. IV. 3D bite mark analysis used to generate overlays with various pressure and deviations. Overlays compared with bite marks.
  • 10. Saliva :- It is a major source of DNA because it cantains sloughed epithelial cells from oral mucosa and inner surface of lips. Enzymes present in saliva and teeth Streptococcus Salivaricus PCR provides means to identify the bacterial composition from bite marks and can be matched exclusively to those from the teeth responsible.
  • 11. Blood :- Red blood cells do not have any DNA, as they lose their nuclei (the compartment in a cell that contains the DNA) as they mature. So the DNA in your blood is in your white blood cells. To get at it, scientists first spin a small sample of your blood at high speed, to separate the cells from the blood fluid.