![1 fodkjh 'kCn
ftu 'kCnksa dk yx ] opu ] dkjd vkfn ds dkj.k :i ifjorZu gksrk gSA
mUgsa fodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSa A tSls &
laKk & yM+dk & yM+ds & yM+fd;ka
loZuke & viuk & vius &viuh
fo'ks"k.k & vPNk & vPNs& vPNh
f;k & i<+rk & i<+rs &i<+rh](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-3-320.jpg)
![2 vfodkjh 'kCn
ftu 'kCnksa esa yx ] opu ,oa dk;Z ds dkj.k vFkok muds 巽Hkko ls dks
ifjorZu uk gks mUgsa vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSa vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks vO;; Hkh
dgrs gSa bldk :i ges'kk fLFkj ;k ,d tSlk gksrk gSA tSls &
f;kfo'ks"k.k & 竪khjs&竪khjs ]lglk] vpkud] lqcg] 'kke ]T;knk ]cgqr vkfn
laca竪kcks竪kd 'kCn & vkxs] ihNs] lkFk&lkFk ]vklikl ]nwj&nwj vkfn
leqPp;cks竪kd 'kCn & drq ]ijarq ]ysfdu ]vFkok ]exj ]D;ksafd vkfn
foLe;kfncks竪kd 'kCn & g"kZ ]okg! ]gs jke ! vkfn](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-4-320.jpg)
![laKk
laKk dks uke Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ftu fodkjh 'kCnksa ls fdlh O;f辰 ]LFkku ]
巽k.kh ]xq.k ] dke ] Hkko vkfn dk cks竪k gksrk gS mUgsa laKk dgrs gSa AFkksM+k
xgjk esa mrj ds ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftldk vfLrRo gks ;k gksus dh
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS ] ml oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSa Abl 巽dkj
uke vkSj laKk lekukFkZd 'kCn gSaA O;kdj.k dh f"V ls 巽k;% laKk 'kCn gh
巽pfyr gSA laKk uk gks rks igpku v竪kwjh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dk 巽;ksx Hkh fcuk laKk
ds laHko ug gSaA tSls&
lksgu ]HksM+ ]igkM+ ]deht ]feBkl] oj ]vkRek ]HkkX; vkfn A](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-5-320.jpg)
![tkfrokpd laKk ds miHksn
1 脱O;okpd laKk
ftl 'kCn ls fdlh 竪kkrq 脱o vFkok ,slh oLrqvksa ftls ukik rksyk tk lds dk
cks竪k gks 脱O;okpd laKk dgykrh gSaA 脱O;okpd laKk dh nks fo'ks"krk,a gSaA
脱O;okpd laKk ds 巽k;% cgqopu ds :i ug curs nwljk lkFk gh buds lkFk
la[;kokpd 'kCn tSls ,d lksuk nks rkack dk Hkh 巽;ksx 巽k;% ug gksrkA
mnkgj.k& nw竪k ]ngh ]lksuk] pkanh ]yksgk ]ydM+h ]ikuh ]ihry] [kwu ]rsy bR;kfn A](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-14-320.jpg)
![mnkgj.k & nw竪k ] lksuk ] ydM+h ] rsy ] yksgk ] pkanh ] ikuh ] ngh ] ihry bR;kfn A](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-15-320.jpg)
![tks 'kCn fdlh fof'k"V ;k ,d gh oLrq ds lewg ;k ,d gh oxZ o tkfr ds lewg
dks n'kkZrk gS og 'kCn leqnk; okpd ;k lewg okpd laKk dgykrk gS ftu
laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh ,d O;f辰 dk cks竪k u gksdj iqjs lewg @ lekt dk cks竪k gks
og lewg okpd @ leqnk;okpd laKk gksrk gSA tSls &
ifjokj ] d{kk A
2 lewgokpd laKk ;k leqnk; okpd laKk](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-16-320.jpg)
![lsuk ] iqfyl ]iqLrdky; ]HkhM+ ]ny ] HksM+ks dk >qaM ] pksjksa dk fxjksg ]
etnwjksa dk la?k ] u{k=ksa dk eaMy ] vkfn](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-17-320.jpg)
![gfj'pa脱 & lR;oknh :i ] t;pan & fookl?kkrh ] foHkh"k.k & ?kj dk Hksnh ]
vtqZu & egku 竪kuq竪kZj ] Hkh"e firkeg & Hkh"e 巽frKk ] vMksYQ fgVyj & wj rkuk'kkg](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-19-320.jpg)
![tc dks tkfrokpd laKk fdlh fo'ks"k O;f辰 ds fy, 巽;q辰 gks rc og tkfr
gksrs gq, Hkh ] tkfr dk cks竪k djkrs gq, Hkh O;f辰okpd cu tkrh gS dHkh&dHkh
tkfrokpd laKk nwj gks tkrh gSa rc os dsoy ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa 巽;q辰 gksus
yxrh gSa tSls&
xka竪kh th gekjs jk"V捉firk FksA
2 tkfrokpd laKk dk O;f辰okpd laKk ds :i esa 巽;ksx](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-20-320.jpg)
![Hkkookpd laKk ls mu xq.kksa dk cks竪k gksrk gS ] ftudk vuqHko gekjk eu ;k
尊zn; dj ldrk gS ]fdUrq ge mUgsa u rks Li'kZ dj ldrs gSa ] u ns[k ldrs
gSaA ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls inkFkks賊 dh voLFkk ] xq.k ] nks"k ] 竪keZ ] n'kk ] vkfn
dk cks竪k gks og Hkkookpd laKk dgykrh gSA tSls & xjhch ] lq[k ]fe=rk ]
ekuork ] i'kqrk ] vkfn Hkkookpd laKk gSaA Hkkookpd laKkvksa dk 巽;ksx
cgqopu esa ug gksrkA Hkkookpd laKk fuEufyf[kr 巽dkjksa ls curh gSa &
Hkkookpd laKk](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-23-320.jpg)
![laKk dh igpku D;k gS
dqN laKk 'kCn 巽k.khokpd gksrs gS ] rks dqN 'kCn v巽kf.kokpdA dqN 'kCn
x.kuh; gksrs gS rks dqN 'kCn vx.kuh;A
1 巽k.khokpd
og 'kCn ftlls fdls ltho oLrq dk cks竪k gks ftles 巽k.k gks mls 巽k.khokpd
laKk dgrs gS AtSls & yM+dk ] xk; ] jes'k ] fpfM+;k vkfn lHkh esa 巽k.k gS ]
bl dkj.k ;g 巽k.khokpd laKk dgykrk gSA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-26-320.jpg)
![2 v巽kf.kokpd
ftl oLrq esa 巽k.k u gks og v巽kf.kokpd laKk dgykrk gS tSls &
est ] jsyxkMh ] edku ] iqLrd ] ioZr ] vkfn esa 巽k.k @ ;k ltho ug
gSA blfy, ;g v巽kf.kokpd laKk gSA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-27-320.jpg)
![3 x.kuh;
ftl O;f辰 ] oLrq ] inkFkZ vkfn dh x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA mldh la[;k Kkr
dh tk ldrh gS A og 'kCn x.kuh; dgyk;sxkA tSls &
yM+dh ] iqLrd ]Hkou ]?kksM+k ]dsys vkfn A](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-28-320.jpg)
![4 vx.kuh;
ftl O;f辰 ] oLrq ] inkFkZ vkfn dh x.kuk ug dh tk ldrh gSA mldh la[;k
Kkr ug dh tk ldrh gS Aog 'kCn vx.kuh; laKk dgyk;sxkA tSls &
nw竪k ] gok ] ikuh ] fe=rk vkfn A](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sangya-200427053205/85/Sangya-29-320.jpg)
Sangya
- 1. }kjk MkWa-vpZuk >k Jh 'kadjkpk;Z egkfo|ky; tquokuh fHkykbZ 村N-x-遜 laKk rFkk laKk ds Hksn
- 2. 'kCnksa dh jpuk o.kZ vkSj vFkZ ds esy ls gksrh gS ,d ;k vf竪kd o.kksZ ls cus Lora= o lkFkZd 竪ofu lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA Hkk"kk esa dsoy lkFkZd 'kCnksa dk 巽;ksx gksrk gS A 'kCn ds d Hksn gSa & fganh 'kCn jpuk 巽;ksx ds vk竪kkj fodkjh 'kCn vfodkjh 'kCn ;k vO;;
- 3. 1 fodkjh 'kCn ftu 'kCnksa dk yx ] opu ] dkjd vkfn ds dkj.k :i ifjorZu gksrk gSA mUgsa fodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSa A tSls & laKk & yM+dk & yM+ds & yM+fd;ka loZuke & viuk & vius &viuh fo'ks"k.k & vPNk & vPNs& vPNh f;k & i<+rk & i<+rs &i<+rh
- 4. 2 vfodkjh 'kCn ftu 'kCnksa esa yx ] opu ,oa dk;Z ds dkj.k vFkok muds 巽Hkko ls dks ifjorZu uk gks mUgsa vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSa vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks vO;; Hkh dgrs gSa bldk :i ges'kk fLFkj ;k ,d tSlk gksrk gSA tSls & f;kfo'ks"k.k & 竪khjs&竪khjs ]lglk] vpkud] lqcg] 'kke ]T;knk ]cgqr vkfn laca竪kcks竪kd 'kCn & vkxs] ihNs] lkFk&lkFk ]vklikl ]nwj&nwj vkfn leqPp;cks竪kd 'kCn & drq ]ijarq ]ysfdu ]vFkok ]exj ]D;ksafd vkfn foLe;kfncks竪kd 'kCn & g"kZ ]okg! ]gs jke ! vkfn
- 5. laKk laKk dks uke Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ftu fodkjh 'kCnksa ls fdlh O;f辰 ]LFkku ] 巽k.kh ]xq.k ] dke ] Hkko vkfn dk cks竪k gksrk gS mUgsa laKk dgrs gSa AFkksM+k xgjk esa mrj ds ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ftldk vfLrRo gks ;k gksus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS ] ml oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSa Abl 巽dkj uke vkSj laKk lekukFkZd 'kCn gSaA O;kdj.k dh f"V ls 巽k;% laKk 'kCn gh 巽pfyr gSA laKk uk gks rks igpku v竪kwjh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dk 巽;ksx Hkh fcuk laKk ds laHko ug gSaA tSls& lksgu ]HksM+ ]igkM+ ]deht ]feBkl] oj ]vkRek ]HkkX; vkfn A
- 6. laKk ds Hksn O;f辰okpd laKk Hkkookpd laKktkfrokpd laKk lewgokpd laKk脱O;okpd laKk
- 7. O;f辰okpd laKk ftl laKk ls fdlh fo'ks"k O;f辰 ;k oLrq dk cks竪k gksrk gS mls O;f辰okpd laKk dgrs gSa AO;f辰okpd laKk ls fdlh ,d dk gh cks竪k gksrk gS vusd dk ugA tSls& O;f辰;ksa ds uke
- 8. Qyksa ds uke xzaFkksa ds uke
- 9. lekpkj i=ksa ds uke ufn;ksa ds uke
- 10. oLrqvksa ds uke ftl laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh ,d gh 巽dkj dh vusd oLrqvksa dk cks竪k gksrk gS ;k ftl laKk ls fdlh ,d dk ug vfirq iwjh tkfr dk cks竪k gks mls tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tSls & tkfrokpd laKk
- 11. i'kq if{k;ksa ds uke lacaf竪k;ksa O;olk; inksa vkSj dk;ks賊 ds uke
- 12. 巽kfrd rRoksa ds uke
- 13. O;f辰okpd vkSj tkfrokpd laKk esa eq[; varj ;g gS fd O;f辰okpd laKk vfuf'pr vkSj vFkZ ghu gksrh gS ijarq tkfrokpd laKk lkFkZd vkSj fuf'pr jgrh gS A o竪;kpy uke ls gesa mlds fdlh xq.k dk irk ug yxrk drq ioZr uke ls gesa ml oLrq ds xq.kksa vkSj y{k.kksa dk rqjar cks竪k gks tkrk gSA tkfrokpd laKk tkfr ;k oxZ dk uke gksrh gSa rFkk O;f辰okpd ml tkfr ;k oxZ esa ls dsoy ,d dk uke gSA O;f辰okpd laKk dk 巽;ksx lkekU;r% cgqopu esa ug gksrk A O;f辰okpd vkSj tkfrokpd laKk esa eq[; varj
- 14. tkfrokpd laKk ds miHksn 1 脱O;okpd laKk ftl 'kCn ls fdlh 竪kkrq 脱o vFkok ,slh oLrqvksa ftls ukik rksyk tk lds dk cks竪k gks 脱O;okpd laKk dgykrh gSaA 脱O;okpd laKk dh nks fo'ks"krk,a gSaA 脱O;okpd laKk ds 巽k;% cgqopu ds :i ug curs nwljk lkFk gh buds lkFk la[;kokpd 'kCn tSls ,d lksuk nks rkack dk Hkh 巽;ksx 巽k;% ug gksrkA mnkgj.k& nw竪k ]ngh ]lksuk] pkanh ]yksgk ]ydM+h ]ikuh ]ihry] [kwu ]rsy bR;kfn A
- 15. mnkgj.k & nw竪k ] lksuk ] ydM+h ] rsy ] yksgk ] pkanh ] ikuh ] ngh ] ihry bR;kfn A
- 16. tks 'kCn fdlh fof'k"V ;k ,d gh oLrq ds lewg ;k ,d gh oxZ o tkfr ds lewg dks n'kkZrk gS og 'kCn leqnk; okpd ;k lewg okpd laKk dgykrk gS ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls fdlh ,d O;f辰 dk cks竪k u gksdj iqjs lewg @ lekt dk cks竪k gks og lewg okpd @ leqnk;okpd laKk gksrk gSA tSls & ifjokj ] d{kk A 2 lewgokpd laKk ;k leqnk; okpd laKk
- 17. lsuk ] iqfyl ]iqLrdky; ]HkhM+ ]ny ] HksM+ks dk >qaM ] pksjksa dk fxjksg ] etnwjksa dk la?k ] u{k=ksa dk eaMy ] vkfn
- 18. 1 O;f辰okpd laKk dk tkfrokpd laKk ds :i esa fo'ks"k 巽;ksx dHkh dqN tkfrokpd laKk fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa tkfr dk cks竪k uk djkdj O;f辰 dk cks竪k djkrh gSa ;k O;f辰okpd laKk dHkh&dHkh ,sls O;f辰;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSa tks lekt esa viuh fo'ks"k xq.kksa ds dkj.k 巽pfyr gksrs gSa mu O;f辰;ksa ds uke ysrs gh muds fo'ks"k xq.k gekjs efLr"d esa mHkj vkrs gSa tSls & egkRek xka竪kh & egkRek :i fo'ks"k 巽;ksx
- 19. gfj'pa脱 & lR;oknh :i ] t;pan & fookl?kkrh ] foHkh"k.k & ?kj dk Hksnh ] vtqZu & egku 竪kuq竪kZj ] Hkh"e firkeg & Hkh"e 巽frKk ] vMksYQ fgVyj & wj rkuk'kkg
- 20. tc dks tkfrokpd laKk fdlh fo'ks"k O;f辰 ds fy, 巽;q辰 gks rc og tkfr gksrs gq, Hkh ] tkfr dk cks竪k djkrs gq, Hkh O;f辰okpd cu tkrh gS dHkh&dHkh tkfrokpd laKk nwj gks tkrh gSa rc os dsoy ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa 巽;q辰 gksus yxrh gSa tSls& xka竪kh th gekjs jk"V捉firk FksA 2 tkfrokpd laKk dk O;f辰okpd laKk ds :i esa 巽;ksx
- 21. usrkth us dgk rqe eq>s [kwu nks eSa rqEgsa vktknh nwaxk A ekyoh; th us gnw foofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA iafMrth gekjs ns'k ds 巽Fke 巽竪kkuea=h FksA
- 22. dHkh&dHkh fo'ks"k.kksa dk Hkh tkfrokpd laKk ds :i esa 巽;ksx gksrk gS tSls& 1 vPNks dh laxfr djks A 2 cM+ksa dk vknj djks A 3 xjhcksa dks rax er djksA 3 fo'ks"k.k dk tkfrokpd laKk ds :i esa 巽;ksx
- 23. Hkkookpd laKk ls mu xq.kksa dk cks竪k gksrk gS ] ftudk vuqHko gekjk eu ;k 尊zn; dj ldrk gS ]fdUrq ge mUgsa u rks Li'kZ dj ldrs gSa ] u ns[k ldrs gSaA ftu laKk 'kCnksa ls inkFkks賊 dh voLFkk ] xq.k ] nks"k ] 竪keZ ] n'kk ] vkfn dk cks竪k gks og Hkkookpd laKk dgykrh gSA tSls & xjhch ] lq[k ]fe=rk ] ekuork ] i'kqrk ] vkfn Hkkookpd laKk gSaA Hkkookpd laKkvksa dk 巽;ksx cgqopu esa ug gksrkA Hkkookpd laKk fuEufyf[kr 巽dkjksa ls curh gSa & Hkkookpd laKk
- 24. 1- tkfrokpd laKk ls & euq"; & euq";rk fe= & fe=rk nso & nsoRo usrk & usr`Ro etnwj & etnwjh pksj & pksjh f'k'kq & 'kS'ko iafMr & ikfMR;A 2- loZuke ls & Lo & LoRo viuk & viukiu fut & futrk ee & eeRoA
- 25. 3- fo'ks"k.k ls & pkSM+k & pkSM+k xgjk & xgjk ohj & ohjrk y?kq & y?kqrk pkykd & pkykdh [k棚k & [kVkl fo}ku & fo}kk vkylh & vkyL; A 4- f;k ls & fy[kuk & fy[kk lpuk & lpk fn[kkuk & fn[kkoV Fkduk & FkdkoV cguk & cgko pyuk & pky A 5- vO;;ksa ls Hkh Hkkookpd laKk curh gS ( tSls & nwj & nwjh fudV & fudVrk A
- 26. laKk dh igpku D;k gS dqN laKk 'kCn 巽k.khokpd gksrs gS ] rks dqN 'kCn v巽kf.kokpdA dqN 'kCn x.kuh; gksrs gS rks dqN 'kCn vx.kuh;A 1 巽k.khokpd og 'kCn ftlls fdls ltho oLrq dk cks竪k gks ftles 巽k.k gks mls 巽k.khokpd laKk dgrs gS AtSls & yM+dk ] xk; ] jes'k ] fpfM+;k vkfn lHkh esa 巽k.k gS ] bl dkj.k ;g 巽k.khokpd laKk dgykrk gSA
- 27. 2 v巽kf.kokpd ftl oLrq esa 巽k.k u gks og v巽kf.kokpd laKk dgykrk gS tSls & est ] jsyxkMh ] edku ] iqLrd ] ioZr ] vkfn esa 巽k.k @ ;k ltho ug gSA blfy, ;g v巽kf.kokpd laKk gSA
- 28. 3 x.kuh; ftl O;f辰 ] oLrq ] inkFkZ vkfn dh x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA mldh la[;k Kkr dh tk ldrh gS A og 'kCn x.kuh; dgyk;sxkA tSls & yM+dh ] iqLrd ]Hkou ]?kksM+k ]dsys vkfn A
- 29. 4 vx.kuh; ftl O;f辰 ] oLrq ] inkFkZ vkfn dh x.kuk ug dh tk ldrh gSA mldh la[;k Kkr ug dh tk ldrh gS Aog 'kCn vx.kuh; laKk dgyk;sxkA tSls & nw竪k ] gok ] ikuh ] fe=rk vkfn A
- 30. O;kogkfjd gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpuk & MkW HkksykukFk frokjh vk竪kqfud gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpuk & oklqnso uanu 巽lkn gnh O;kdj.k & dkerk 巽lkn xq# ljy gnh O;kdj.k & ';ke pa脱 diwj Google Imeages lanHkZ lwph
- 31. /kU;okn