Santos et al 2016 JEB

Apr 8, 20160 likes117 views

This document summarizes a study that tracked changes in chromosomal arrangements and genetic content over 30 generations of laboratory evolution in three replicated populations of Drosophila subobscura. The researchers found evidence that chromosomal polymorphisms and life history traits adapted to the new environment. Selection was detected for seven of 23 chromosomal arrangements, supporting a role for inversions in adaptation. Linkage disequilibrium evolved between some microsatellites and chromosomes, suggesting adaptive changes in arrangements involved changes in genetic content. Several microsatellite alleles increased in frequency within targeted inversions in all populations more than expected by drift alone. Overall, the selection detected on the genetic content of inversions provides evidence that genetic changes within inversions play an important role in adaptation.

Tracking changes in chromosomal arrangements and their
genetic content during adaptation
J. SANTOS*, M. PASCUAL†, I. FRAGATA*1
, P. SIM ~OES*, M. A. SANTOS*, M. LIMA*,
A. MARQUES*, M. LOPES-CUNHA*, B. KELLEN*, J. BALANY A†, M. R. ROSE‡
M. MATOS*
*cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci^encias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
†Department of Genetics and IrBio, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Espa~na
‡Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Keywords:
chromosomal inversions;
Drosophila subobscura;
experimental evolution;
genetic content;
linkage disequilibrium;
selection.
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for an adaptive role of inversions, but how
their genetic content evolves and affects the subsequent evolution of chro-
mosomal polymorphism remains controversial. Here, we track how life-
history traits, chromosomal arrangements and 22 microsatellites, within and
outside inversions, change in three replicated populations of Drosophila sub-
obscura for 30 generations of laboratory evolution since founding from the
wild. The dynamics of ﬁtness-related traits indicated adaptation to the new
environment concomitant with directional evolution of chromosomal poly-
morphism. Evidence of selective changes in frequency of inversions was
obtained for seven of 23 chromosomal arrangements, corroborating a role
for inversions in adaptation. The evolution of linkage disequilibrium
between some microsatellites and chromosomes suggested that adaptive
changes in arrangements involved changes in their genetic content. Several
microsatellite alleles increased in frequency more than expected by drift in
targeted inversions in all replicate populations. In particular, there were
signs of selection in the O3+4 arrangement favouring a combination of alleles
in two loci linked to the inversion and changing along with it, although the
lack of linkage disequilibrium between these loci precludes epistatic selec-
tion. Seven other alleles increased in frequency within inversions more than
expected by drift, but were not in linkage disequilibrium with them. Possi-
bly these alleles were hitchhiking along with alleles under selection that
were not speciﬁc to those inversions. Overall, the selection detected on the
genetic content of inversions, despite limited coverage of the genome,
suggests that genetic changes within inversions play an important role in
adaptation.
Introduction
There has long been evidence for an adaptive role of
chromosomal inversions (Dobzhansky, 1950; Hoffmann
et al., 2004; Balanya et al., 2006), but the speciﬁc roles
that they play in adaptation are poorly understood.
Chromosomal inversions have been known in the
genus Drosophila for almost a century (vid. Sturtevant,
1921), but they also occur in a large number of taxa
including insects, plants and vertebrates, presenting the
patterns of local adaptation in multiple species (Hoff-
mann Rieseberg, 2008). For example, chromosomal
inversions seem to play an important role in the
repeated adaptation of stickleback ﬁsh populations to
fresh water from marine ancestors (Jones et al., 2012).
In Anopheles, evidence has been found for the involve-
ment of a single inversion in adaptation to savannah
Correspondence: Josiane Santos, cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution
and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci^encias, Universidade de
Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
Tel.: 00351 217500630; fax: 00351 217500028;
e-mail: jmssantos@fc.ul.pt
1
Present address: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci^encia, Oeiras, Portugal
ª 2 0 1 6 E U R O P E A N S O C I E T Y F O R E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y . J . E V O L . B I O L .
1J O U R N A L O F E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y ª 2 0 1 6 E U R O P E A N S O C I E T Y F O R E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y
doi: 10.1111/jeb.12856

This study investigates the hybridization and introgression between two sister species of tanagers in the neotropics, revealing evidence of species collapse despite significant phenotypic and ecological divergence. Using genomic analysis, the researchers found high rates of gene flow and gradual introgression, leading to diminished genetic differentiation over time. The results suggest that the species have undergone a genomic collapse following secondary contact, with implications for understanding speciation dynamics in continental species.

River Deep, Mountain High: do geographic barriers restrain gene flow in Petun...Luana Sousa

��

This study examines whether the Pelotas River acts as a geographic barrier to gene flow between populations of Petunia altiplana plant on opposite banks. Analysis of chloroplast DNA shows distinct haplotypes on the north and south banks, indicating the river limits gene flow. However, analysis of microsatellite markers reveals less population structure and some shared alleles between banks, suggesting possible gene flow. The authors plan to analyze additional markers to clarify the river's role in structuring P. altiplana populations.

GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION OF Hypostomus cordovae (SILURIFORMES, LORICARIIDAE) IN A...YaninaFlorenciaBrioc

��

This study examines the population genetic structure of Hypostomus cordovae, a bottom-dwelling fish endemic to Argentina. The researchers sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region of individuals from 14 localities across exorheic (flowing out to sea) and endorheic (internal draining) basins. They found 6 distinct haplotypes. Isolation-by-distance explained 29% of genetic variability, while isolation-by-barrier between exorheic and endorheic basins explained 53% of variability. Periodic drying of rivers likely fragmented populations, leading to genetic differentiation over time through prolonged isolation of fragmented basins.

Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) genes of Eugenia uniflora L. and ...OssmanBarrientosDiaz

��

The study investigated glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (gpat) genes in Eugenia uniflora, a versatile species in the Atlantic Forest, to explore their role in lipid biosynthesis and adaptation mechanisms. Researchers identified seven gpat genes and conducted anatomical, histochemical, and phylogenetic analyses, revealing significant lipid presence related to stress response and adaptation. The findings highlight the importance of lipids in the evolutionary adaptation of native plant species.

Santos et al 2012 JEBJosiane Santos

��

This document discusses how founder effects can impact adaptation when populations are established in new environments. It presents a study that monitored the early evolutionary dynamics of six laboratory populations of Drosophila subobscura founded from the same natural population. Each of the six foundations was replicated three times, resulting in 18 total populations. During the first few generations, the populations showed increased genetic differentiation both within and between foundations. The populations also differed in their patterns of phenotypic adaptation depending on their ancestral founding sample. Differences in early genetic variability and effective population size predicted differences in the rates of adaptation over the first 21 generations of laboratory evolution. The study demonstrates that evolution in a novel environment is contingent on both the initial composition of the founding population and stochastic changes during early

Historical biogeography and diversification in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) Verônica Thode

��

This document summarizes a study on the historical biogeography and diversification of the plant genus Sisyrinchium. The study used a densely sampled dated phylogeny of 103 Sisyrinchium species and 13 outgroups along with 8 molecular markers and 9,000 occurrence records to address: 1) When and where Sisyrinchium colonized the New World and 2) Which geological and climatic factors influenced diversification patterns. Key results included Sisyrinchium originating in the mid-Miocene (12.7 Ma) in South America and diversifying during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with dispersal to Central and North America earlier than the closure of the Panama Isthmus. Diversification

Supporting evidence for a cryptic species within the Neotropical freshwater f...Izabela Mendes

��

This document presents research on the freshwater fish species Leporinus copelandii, suggesting it may consist of multiple cryptic species based on genetic and mitochondrial analyses across different river basins in the northeastern Atlantic Forest and Paraíba do Sul ecoregions. The study utilized various species delimitation methods and molecular dating to identify distinct molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and revealed hidden biodiversity, concluding that headwater captures during the late Pleistocene contributed to species diversification. The findings emphasize the need for taxonomic revision and better management strategies for the threatened neotropical fish populations.

An integrative multi-approach workflow resolves species limits in the souther...KevinISnchez1

��

This study used an integrative approach combining genomic, morphological, and phylogenetic analyses to assess species limits in five members of the Liolaemus kingii lizard group in southern Argentina. The analyses confirmed the validity of four species - L. baguali, L. tari, L. escarchadosi, and L. sarmientoi - and provided further evidence for the independent status of L. sp. A. Some weak nuclear introgression was detected between certain species pairs. The study demonstrated the value of combining multiple types of data to test species hypotheses and overcome limitations of single-method approaches.

Patterns of Cranial Shape and Size Diversification in the Fishing bats of the...SandraOspinaGarcs

��

1) The study analyzes cranial morphological differentiation between subspecies and geographic regions of the greater fishing bat (Noctilio leporinus) and lesser fishing bat (N. albiventris) and compares relationships supported by cranial morphology to molecular phylogeny. 2) Sexual dimorphism was found between males and females in cranial characters within subspecies, with the greatest differences in Central American and Caribbean populations of N. leporinus. 3) Significant differences in cranial characters were found between subspecies and geographic lineages, supporting geographic isolation as driving cranial differentiation. Cranial morphology partially agreed with relationships found in molecular phylogeny.

Evidence for morphological evolutionary stasis in a Middle Miocene Inselbergs...AndressaCabral18

��

This study examines the phylogeny, biogeography, and taxonomy of the Barbacenia group of plants found on inselbergs in the Atlantic Forest region. Phylogenetic analysis recovered two major clades of Barbacenia, one containing species endemic to Atlantic Forest inselbergs and the other containing species from campo rupestre rocky grasslands. Divergence time estimates indicate the diversification of Barbacenia likely occurred in the Middle Miocene. Ancestral area reconstruction supports the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado as the areas of origin. The inselberg endemic clade exhibits low morphological diversity and long-term morphological stasis, possibly due to niche conservatism and geographical isolation on the mountain tops.

Poster Distributional Pattern of IchthyofaunaVinciusCorra19

��

The document analyzes the distribution patterns of freshwater fish species in the Chacoan Sub-region of South America using panbiogeography. 38 generalized tracks and 4 nodes were identified for families of Characiforms, Siluriforms, Gymnotiforms and Cyprinodontiforms. The fish distribution patterns matched previously described patterns (A, B, C) found in other taxa, suggesting congruent biogeographic histories among groups in the region.

Poster_Salomon&SklenarLuciana Salomon

��

This document discusses a project aimed at understanding the evolutionary mechanisms contributing to plant diversity in the Andes, focusing on the Senecio ser. Culcitium group. The study employs modern genomic techniques to establish a phylogeny, analyze evolutionary patterns, and reconstruct ancestral morphological states. Preliminary results indicate a need for additional sampling and suggest promising insights into the group's adaptive radiation.

Santos et al 2013 J GenJosiane Santos

��

This study examined genetic differentiation in laboratory populations of Drosophila subobscura derived from six wild populations collected from different locations and years. The researchers found striking genetic differentiation between the laboratory populations within the first two generations of being established, despite all founders being similar. This early divergence was likely due to strong genetic drift and changes in demography resulting from a significant drop in effective population size during the colonization process. The results demonstrate that rapid and significant evolutionary changes can occur during the initial generations of a founding event in a new environment due to powerful genetic sampling effects.

Paper wasps are darker at high elevationAndrRodrigues354

��

1) Researchers trapped and photographed paper wasps across an elevational gradient in the Colombian Andes to examine how their body color varied with elevation. 2) They found that wasps from higher elevations had significantly darker thoraxes, supporting the prediction that ectotherms are darker at higher elevations to aid heat absorption and provide photoprotection from UV radiation. 3) In contrast, the coloration of other body parts like the head and abdomen did not consistently vary with elevation, except the clypeus which became more matte at higher elevations, suggesting darker thoraxes specifically aid thermoregulation in wasps living in colder, high-elevation environments.

“Distributional patterns of the order Gomphales (fungi: basidiomycota) in Nor...astridGonzalez29

��

The document examines the distributional patterns of the order Gomphales in North America, noting its monophyletic nature and morphological diversity. A database of 6,156 records was compiled to analyze the alpha diversity, revealing a peak in species richness in central Mexico's montane regions. Findings indicate that distribution is influenced by geological complexity and varied environmental conditions.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) shed li...José Neto

��

Giampaolo morciano jcMorci Violet

��

This study analyzed genetic data from 61 human populations to identify signals of selection related to differences in subsistence strategies and environments. Two SNPs showed strong signals of selection for dietary specializations like roots/tubers vs cereals. Pathway analysis found these SNPs were involved in starch/sucrose metabolism and folate biosynthesis. The strongest signals were for populations from polar environments, with lesser signals for dry and temperate environments, reflecting ancient adaptations during human dispersal. While hard sweeps were not supported, cultural adaptations likely played a role in human diversification through dietary specializations.

Poster SBE Isabel BonatelliIsabelBonatelli

��

This document summarizes a study that investigated the demographic changes in 70 plant and animal lineages from the South American Dry Diagonal region in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations. Comparative phylogeographic and predictive modeling approaches were used to analyze DNA sequences and distribution data. The results suggest contrasting demographic responses among lineages during glacial periods, with asynchrony in community responses. Species attributes related to resource use, reproduction and dispersal appeared to influence the contrasting responses. Lineages showing similar responses exhibited synchronous changes across the Middle and Late Pleistocene, supporting shared evolutionary responses to common environmental mechanisms.

Diatom biogeography: distribution of the Luticola species found in Iguazú Nat...JulinSimonato

��

The document summarizes a study on the diatom genus Luticola found in Iguazú National Park in Argentina. 18 Luticola species were identified from samples collected at 8 sites within the park. Most species had Neotropical or tropical distributions, while 2 were cosmopolitan and 2 had disjunct distributions. The results indicate high diatom diversity and endemism within the park and add to understanding biogeography patterns of the genus in South America.

Exploration of the Ecological Niche of Chacoan Species in Environmental SpaceAlejandro Manuel Ferreiro

��

This document explores the ecological niches of four species predominantly found in the Chaco region - Bulnesia sarmientoi, Calomys callosus, Leptodactylus bufonius, and Tolypeutes matacus - by modeling their niches in environmental space. It finds that L. bufonius and T. matacus have broader niches while B. sarmientoi and C. callosus have narrower niches. Additionally, all species' niches show some overlap, with an area of environmental space where all four species' niches overlap. Modeling species' niches in environmental space provides new insights into the biogeography of species in the Chaco

Magpali et al (2020) Adaptive evolution of hearing genes in echolocating dolp...Letícia Magpali

��

The study investigates the molecular evolution of hearing genes in dolphins from various habitats, focusing on adaptive convergence and positive selection. Results suggest that different selective pressures have shaped hearing genes in riverine and marine dolphins, particularly for genes like tmc1 and cdh23. Future research aims to further explore the patterns of selection among dolphin lineages and the evolutionary implications of these findings.

Diversification of the genus Dolichothele (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Bra...WendyArroyo8

��

The study investigates the diversification of the Dolichothele genus within the Brazilian biomes, focusing on the South American dry diagonal (DD). It establishes a time-calibrated phylogeny revealing that the genus originated approximately 9 million years ago, with diversification influenced by Tertiary and Quaternary events. The findings confirm the monophyly of Dolichothele and indicate a significant speciation event linked to the formation of the Atlantic rainforest.

Janet Seifert: What could a 'Whole Earth Stromatolite Catalogue' tell us?GigaScience, BGI Hong Kong

��

This document discusses stromatolites and their importance for understanding microbial processes and environmental change over long time periods. Specifically, it mentions: 1) Stromatolite beds that are up to 600 million years old can provide insights into microbial life and Earth's early environments. 2) The formation of stromatolites depends on the bacterial community composition and environmental factors like the precipitation of calcium carbonate facilitated by microbial extracellular substances. 3) Living stromatolites exist today in locations like Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico, which can serve as models to study microbial metabolic processes and their responses to environmental changes over time.

2015 11 - peter hendersonSevernEstuary

��

While species richness and diversity have remained stable in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel ecosystem over 35 years of monthly sampling, individual species show great variability in their dynamics. Abundant core species demonstrate density-dependent regulation and stability in their populations, whereas lower abundance species fluctuate more widely. Species also differ markedly in their responses to environmental factors like temperature, salinity, and climate indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. Long-term data collection has revealed how the fish and crustacean communities in this region have responded to multi-year periods of warming and cooling conditions.

Fall poster-Seasonal Variation of the Geochemistry and the EffectsMichelle C Bennett

��

1) Microbial communities in the Fraser River vary seasonally and correlate with environmental factors like temperature, turbidity, ammonia, and silica. Certain bacteria like Sphingobacteria and Flavobacteria indicate seasonal changes and are more abundant in summer months. 2) The document analyzes samples from the Fraser River and its tributaries to understand the link between microbial diversity, river geochemistry, and transported particles. Economic activities in the Fraser River Basin include forestry, fishing, agriculture, and more. 3) Analysis found the most abundant bacteria phyla responded to changes in temperature, ammonia, turbidity, and silica. Sphingobacteria were more abundant in summer months compared to Flavobacteria

Synthesis paperEnnaer Azodlab

��

The document discusses the evolution of amphibian feeding habits and anatomy. It notes that early amphibians likely had some ability to modulate their feeding movements, and their descendants evolved along trajectories of either increasing or decreasing modulation. It also describes how the branching of aortic arches changed as amphibians transitioned from aquatic to land habitats. Finally, it discusses a conservation program that prioritizes amphibian and mammal species based on their evolutionary distinctiveness and endangerment.

Kendall Donald ResumeDonald Kendall

��

Donald Kendall has studied biology at Widener University and Hillsborough Community College, earning a BSc and ASc respectively. His research has focused on topics in evolutionary biology, ecology, and biodiversity. He has authored research on the phylogeography of Lepidoptera and co-authored work on the taxonomy of Latin American moths and effects of urbanization on stream macroinvertebrates. Kendall has skills in areas like DNA analysis, chromatography, and spectroscopy. He currently works as a biology and chemistry tutor at Widener University.

Michalak et al 2014 JEZ with COVERJonathan Velotta

��

This document summarizes a study that found genetic polymorphisms in the beta-thymosin gene are associated with the invasiveness of landlocked alewife populations in freshwater environments. The study examined alewife populations from both anadromous and landlocked populations and found that a newly derived allele of the beta-thymosin gene was overrepresented in landlocked populations. Experiments also showed that landlocked alewife populations expressed higher levels of beta-thymosin and were more responsive to changes in salinity compared to anadromous populations, suggesting this gene contributes to the success of alewife in colonizing freshwater lakes and rivers.

Molecular Biology, Daniela Alarcón.Daniela Alarcón

��

Scientists have discovered new ways to trap and kill the malaria parasite. Researchers found that blocking the pore through which the parasite communicates with the outside of red blood cells fatally imprisons the parasite, preventing it from stealing resources and eliminating waste. Separate research identified a protein that guides folding and unfolding of parasite proteins, and blocking this protein could prevent transmission through the pore. Stem cell scientists have also developed a method to track gene expression in specific cell types in the kidneys of rats to better understand acute kidney injury and identify early signs of damage.

Blood 2Nitika Jain

��

Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions by preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. There are four main blood groups - A, B, AB and O - determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. Compatible blood groups for transfusion are types with matching or absent antigens. Improper transfusions can cause immunological reactions and even death. Landsteiner's work revolutionized blood transfusions and saved many lives.

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Patterns of Cranial Shape and Size Diversification in the Fishing bats of the...SandraOspinaGarcs

��

Evidence for morphological evolutionary stasis in a Middle Miocene Inselbergs...AndressaCabral18

��

Poster Distributional Pattern of IchthyofaunaVinciusCorra19

��

Poster_Salomon&SklenarLuciana Salomon

��

Santos et al 2013 J GenJosiane Santos

��

Paper wasps are darker at high elevationAndrRodrigues354

��

“Distributional patterns of the order Gomphales (fungi: basidiomycota) in Nor...astridGonzalez29

��

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) shed li...José Neto

��

Giampaolo morciano jcMorci Violet

��

Poster SBE Isabel BonatelliIsabelBonatelli

��

Diatom biogeography: distribution of the Luticola species found in Iguazú Nat...JulinSimonato

��

Exploration of the Ecological Niche of Chacoan Species in Environmental SpaceAlejandro Manuel Ferreiro

��

Magpali et al (2020) Adaptive evolution of hearing genes in echolocating dolp...Letícia Magpali

��

Diversification of the genus Dolichothele (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Bra...WendyArroyo8

��

Janet Seifert: What could a 'Whole Earth Stromatolite Catalogue' tell us?GigaScience, BGI Hong Kong

��

2015 11 - peter hendersonSevernEstuary

��

Fall poster-Seasonal Variation of the Geochemistry and the EffectsMichelle C Bennett

��

Synthesis paperEnnaer Azodlab

��

Kendall Donald ResumeDonald Kendall

��

Michalak et al 2014 JEZ with COVERJonathan Velotta

��

Patterns of Cranial Shape and Size Diversification in the Fishing bats of the...SandraOspinaGarcs

��

Evidence for morphological evolutionary stasis in a Middle Miocene Inselbergs...AndressaCabral18

��

Poster Distributional Pattern of IchthyofaunaVinciusCorra19

��

Poster_Salomon&SklenarLuciana Salomon

��

Santos et al 2013 J GenJosiane Santos

��

Paper wasps are darker at high elevationAndrRodrigues354

��

“Distributional patterns of the order Gomphales (fungi: basidiomycota) in Nor...astridGonzalez29

��

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) shed li...José Neto

��

Giampaolo morciano jcMorci Violet

��

Poster SBE Isabel BonatelliIsabelBonatelli

��

Diatom biogeography: distribution of the Luticola species found in Iguazú Nat...JulinSimonato

��

Exploration of the Ecological Niche of Chacoan Species in Environmental SpaceAlejandro Manuel Ferreiro

��

Magpali et al (2020) Adaptive evolution of hearing genes in echolocating dolp...Letícia Magpali

��

Diversification of the genus Dolichothele (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Bra...WendyArroyo8

��

Janet Seifert: What could a 'Whole Earth Stromatolite Catalogue' tell us?GigaScience, BGI Hong Kong

��

2015 11 - peter hendersonSevernEstuary

��

Fall poster-Seasonal Variation of the Geochemistry and the EffectsMichelle C Bennett

��

Synthesis paperEnnaer Azodlab

��

Kendall Donald ResumeDonald Kendall

��

Michalak et al 2014 JEZ with COVERJonathan Velotta

��

Viewers also liked (9)

Molecular Biology, Daniela Alarcón.Daniela Alarcón

��

Blood 2Nitika Jain

��

Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena

��

The document discusses the role of epigenetics in cell biology and its implications for drug discovery, highlighting mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification that control gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. It emphasizes the impact of environmental and dietary factors on epigenetic pathways and explores applications in diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria, as well as plant biology. Additionally, it outlines recent advancements and challenges in developing therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic modifications.

Parasites causing anemiaBeshoy Elwy

��

The document summarizes various parasites that can cause anemia in humans. It discusses 6 parasites in particular: 1. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria, which infects red blood cells and can cause hemolysis, leading to normochromic anemia. 2. Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes leishmaniasis, which can involve the spleen and bone marrow and cause normochromic anemia. 3. Trypanosoma gambiense, the parasite that causes sleeping sickness, which can cause hemolysis, remove immune-sensitized red blood cells, and reduce bone marrow activity, leading to normochromic anemia.

Sickle cell anemia and malaria 20121219Rajesh Karyakarte

��

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) and malaria have a complex relationship, where individuals with the sickle cell trait (heterozygotes) show some protection against malaria while homozygous individuals (those with SCA) are at greater risk. The gene mutation linked to sickle cell hemoglobin evolved due to natural selection driven by malaria, illustrating a balanced polymorphism where carriers have a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions. However, malaria significantly increases the mortality risk for SCA patients despite some protective mechanisms associated with the sickle cell trait.

Epistasismartyynyyte

��

This document discusses gene interactions and epistasis. It provides several examples of gene interactions that result in ratios other than the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio for dihybrid crosses. These include complementary gene action between two enzymes that produce a product, duplicate gene action where two genes encode redundant enzymes, and different forms of epistasis where one gene is masked by the other. Specific examples discussed include interactions governing pigment production in fruit flies and comb morphology in chickens.

Epistasishina amir

��

The document discusses different types of epistatic interactions, including dominant and recessive epistasis where one gene hides the effects of another gene. It provides examples of different epistatic ratios seen in traits like eye color in Drosophila and fruit shape in plants. The types of epistasis covered include dominant, recessive, duplicate recessive genes, and genes with cumulative effects.

Plasmodium malarial parasiteARUL LAWRENCE

��

The malarial parasite Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, Plasmodium invades liver cells and red blood cells in asexual cycles, and sexual stages form in the mosquito in a sporogonic cycle. There are four main species that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia, and is diagnosed microscopically or with molecular tests. Treatment depends on species and severity, while prevention focuses on mosquito avoidance and chemoprophylaxis.

Modelo de artigo científico básico - com normas ABNTRosineia Oliveira dos Santos

��

Molecular Biology, Daniela Alarcón.Daniela Alarcón

��

Blood 2Nitika Jain

��

Una revisión de los conocimientos fundamentales de la biología de la célula. ...Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena

��

Parasites causing anemiaBeshoy Elwy

��

Sickle cell anemia and malaria 20121219Rajesh Karyakarte

��

Epistasismartyynyyte

��

Epistasishina amir

��

Plasmodium malarial parasiteARUL LAWRENCE

��

Modelo de artigo científico básico - com normas ABNTRosineia Oliveira dos Santos

��

Similar to Santos et al 2016 JEB (20)

Tracking evolutionary pathsJosiane Santos

��

This document summarizes a thesis on tracking evolutionary paths during colonization events in Drosophila subobscura populations. The author studied: 1) founder effects on genetic differentiation between populations, finding early genetic drift impacts adaptation, 2) associations between genetic variability and adaptive responses, showing variability predicts evolutionary potential, and 3) the role of chromosomal inversions in adaptation, providing evidence for local adaptation within inversions. The research improves understanding of how selection and drift interact during colonization to impact genetic composition and adaptive trajectories.

Sources of variation in organic evolutionEkramuddin Md

��

The document discusses the concept of organic evolution, explaining how advanced species emerge from ancestral forms through a slow process of speciation driven by genetic variation. It outlines the types and sources of variation, including continuous and discontinuous variations, and details mechanisms such as genetic recombination, natural and artificial selection, mutation, gene migration, and genetic drift that contribute to changes in gene frequency within populations. Ultimately, these processes are crucial in the gradual development and speciation of life forms over time.

factors affecting allele frequenciestammi-1990

��

This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.

Evolution of genetic variance-covariance structuer in animal.pptxbirhankassa

��

This document provides an overview of evolutionary morph metrics and the evolution of genetic variance and covariance structure in animals. It discusses key concepts in evolution like Lamarckism, Darwin's theory of natural selection, patterns of natural selection, and levels of evolution from microevolution to macroevolution. It also defines morph metrics as quantitative measurements and analysis of morphological traits used to study biological shape variation. Finally, it examines how the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) evolves over time through processes like mutation, migration, selection, and drift, and how this impacts evolutionary responses to selection.

genetic Divergence between population.pptxIskakMohaimin

��

The document discusses genetic divergence between populations, primarily using the statistic FST to measure genetic differences. It emphasizes the low genetic differentiation in humans, with only 12% of variation attributed to population differences, and illustrates various ecological and evolutionary factors, such as isolation-by-distance and the impact of selection versus gene flow on genetic variation. Additionally, it highlights examples from different species to demonstrate how environmental adaptation influences genetic divergence.

EvolutionGabriela Suarez Teran

��

- Darwin proposed four main ideas about evolution: common descent, gradualism, multiplication of species, and natural selection. - Common descent proposed that all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor. Gradualism proposed that new species arise gradually over time through accumulated adaptations. Multiplication of species referred to the vast number of species that exist. - Natural selection proposed that organisms better adapted to their environment would leave more offspring, leading to the multiplication of favorable traits in a population over generations, resulting in new species.

Pervasive Adaptive Protein Evolution Apparent in Diversity Patterns around Am...Samuel Sattath

��

- The document analyzes patterns of genetic diversity around amino acid substitutions in Drosophila simulans to characterize adaptive protein evolution. It finds a pronounced trough in average diversity levels around amino acid but not synonymous substitutions, indicating many amino acid substitutions were driven by positive selection. - Using a coalescent model, it infers approximately 13% of amino acid substitutions caused selective sweeps, with 3% having large effects and 10% having weak effects, reconciling previous conflicting estimates of selection strength. - This approach leverages genome-wide data to provide direct evidence of adaptation in Drosophila and allows inferences about adaptation without predefining window sizes, capturing more of the signature of beneficial substitutions.

Correlación Eficacia vs HeterosigosidadPolitécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid

��

This document summarizes a study investigating the relationship between genetic heterozygosity, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), length, and weight in two samples of Atlantic salmon with different timings of first active feeding. The study found that: 1) Fish in the early feeding sample (EA) exhibited smaller FA values, were longer, heavier, and more heterozygous at allozyme loci than fish in the late feeding sample (LA). 2) Within both samples, heterozygosity at allozyme loci was inversely related to FA and positively related to weight and length. However, no significant differences were found in microsatellite diversity between the EA and LA samples. 3) No association was observed between microsatellite variability and FA

Mutation, adaptation and selection conceptJ Roopavathy

��

The document discusses the concepts of mutation, adaptation, and selection in evolution. It states that mutations, which are random changes in genes, provide the raw material for evolution by generating genetic variation. When mutations provide adaptations that increase fitness for the local environment, natural selection acts to promote those adaptations by favoring the survival and reproduction of the mutated individuals. Over many generations, this process of mutation, adaptation through natural selection, and accumulation of adaptations leads to evolutionary change and the formation of new species. Examples of mutations leading to adaptations in animals like camels, llamas, and geese are provided to illustrate this concept.

Encyclopedia of Genetics Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics 1st Edition M...soguttiola

��

4 mechanisms for evolution 2012sgoldberry

��

Encyclopedia of Genetics Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics 1st Edition M...toralmonerng

��

Chp. 24.2 Lecture �ݺ�ߣsnicklee1996

��

مشروووووع الوراثهALaa Al-Assaf

��

This document discusses several key concepts in population genetics: 1) Genetic variation is important for adaptation, environmental change, conservation, and divergence of populations. Variation allows populations to survive over time while lack of variation leads to extinction. 2) Population genetics studies genetic structure, allele frequencies, and how they change over time due to evolutionary processes like mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow. 3) The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes how allele and genotype frequencies remain stable without these evolutionary forces acting on a population.

vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...asfawm89

��

The lecture discusses principles of ecology focusing on evolution and adaptation, emphasizing how species distribution and abundance are influenced by both contemporary and historical factors. It covers topics such as phenotypes, genetic variation, natural selection, and adaptations, illustrated with examples like beak size variation in finches and industrial melanism in moths. The lecture concludes with the notion that while individuals can undergo changes in response to environmental conditions, evolution occurs through changes in the gene pool of populations over time.

The genetical theory of natural selection_20250204_024501_0000.pdfandradekarmylle

��

The document discusses the genetic theory of natural selection, detailing concepts such as fitness, modes of selection, and various components influencing evolutionary change. It emphasizes the importance of factors like genetic drift, and adaptive landscapes, and how they relate to selection pressures and phenotypic variation. Key elements include the distinction between absolute and relative fitness, the effects of different selection types, and the interaction of genetics and environment in shaping traits over generations.

Seven non-darwinian theories opposite to evolutionMdAbdulAhad26

��

The document discusses seven non-Darwinian theories that oppose the concept of evolution, emphasizing that genetic drift and small, isolated populations create zero variation, which undermines evolutionary processes. It critiques various macroevolution theories, including punctuated equilibrium and neutral theory, citing their reliance on genetic drift, which many biologists reject as a valid mechanism for evolution. The conclusion underscores the importance of verifying the validity of these non-Darwinian theories and their implications for evolutionary biology.

ppt evolution presentation sciences evolutionYeshaShahCherubs1

��

Lecture 1Andy Peters

��

Evolution is the process by which species change over time in response to their environment. Natural selection is the mechanism that drives evolution, as it results in organisms better adapted to their environment leaving more offspring. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after making observations on his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle and conducting years of research. He proposed that populations evolve over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variation.

Primera Alimentación vs Genética en SalmónPolitécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid

��

1) The study examined genetic variation between early and late feeding Atlantic salmon from the River Shin in Scotland using 6 allozyme loci and 8 microsatellite markers. 2) Early feeding fish had higher rates of smolting and fewer parr compared to late feeding fish, showing different life history strategies between the groups. 3) Early and late feeding fish showed different allelic and genotypic distributions at both allozyme and microsatellite loci, with early feeders being more heterozygous on average. Higher heterozygosity was positively associated with earlier smolting and precocious maturation in male parr.

Tracking evolutionary pathsJosiane Santos

��

Sources of variation in organic evolutionEkramuddin Md

��

factors affecting allele frequenciestammi-1990

��

Evolution of genetic variance-covariance structuer in animal.pptxbirhankassa

��

genetic Divergence between population.pptxIskakMohaimin

��

EvolutionGabriela Suarez Teran

��

Pervasive Adaptive Protein Evolution Apparent in Diversity Patterns around Am...Samuel Sattath

��

Correlación Eficacia vs HeterosigosidadPolitécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid

��

Mutation, adaptation and selection conceptJ Roopavathy

��

Encyclopedia of Genetics Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics 1st Edition M...soguttiola

��

4 mechanisms for evolution 2012sgoldberry

��

Encyclopedia of Genetics Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics 1st Edition M...toralmonerng

��

Chp. 24.2 Lecture �ݺ�ߣsnicklee1996

��

مشروووووع الوراثهALaa Al-Assaf

��

vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...asfawm89

��

The genetical theory of natural selection_20250204_024501_0000.pdfandradekarmylle

��

Seven non-darwinian theories opposite to evolutionMdAbdulAhad26

��

ppt evolution presentation sciences evolutionYeshaShahCherubs1

��

Lecture 1Andy Peters

��

Primera Alimentación vs Genética en SalmónPolitécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid

��

Santos et al 2016 JEB

1. Tracking changes in chromosomal arrangements and their genetic content during adaptation J. SANTOS*, M. PASCUAL†, I. FRAGATA*1 , P. SIM ~OES*, M. A. SANTOS*, M. LIMA*, A. MARQUES*, M. LOPES-CUNHA*, B. KELLEN*, J. BALANY A†, M. R. ROSE‡ M. MATOS* *cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal †Department of Genetics and IrBio, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Espa~na ‡Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Keywords: chromosomal inversions; Drosophila subobscura; experimental evolution; genetic content; linkage disequilibrium; selection. Abstract There is considerable evidence for an adaptive role of inversions, but how their genetic content evolves and affects the subsequent evolution of chromosomal polymorphism remains controversial. Here, we track how life- history traits, chromosomal arrangements and 22 microsatellites, within and outside inversions, change in three replicated populations of Drosophila subobscura for 30 generations of laboratory evolution since founding from the wild. The dynamics of fitness-related traits indicated adaptation to the new environment concomitant with directional evolution of chromosomal polymorphism. Evidence of selective changes in frequency of inversions was obtained for seven of 23 chromosomal arrangements, corroborating a role for inversions in adaptation. The evolution of linkage disequilibrium between some microsatellites and chromosomes suggested that adaptive changes in arrangements involved changes in their genetic content. Several microsatellite alleles increased in frequency more than expected by drift in targeted inversions in all replicate populations. In particular, there were signs of selection in the O3+4 arrangement favouring a combination of alleles in two loci linked to the inversion and changing along with it, although the lack of linkage disequilibrium between these loci precludes epistatic selection. Seven other alleles increased in frequency within inversions more than expected by drift, but were not in linkage disequilibrium with them. Possi- bly these alleles were hitchhiking along with alleles under selection that were not specific to those inversions. Overall, the selection detected on the genetic content of inversions, despite limited coverage of the genome, suggests that genetic changes within inversions play an important role in adaptation. Introduction There has long been evidence for an adaptive role of chromosomal inversions (Dobzhansky, 1950; Hoffmann et al., 2004; Balanya et al., 2006), but the specific roles that they play in adaptation are poorly understood. Chromosomal inversions have been known in the genus Drosophila for almost a century (vid. Sturtevant, 1921), but they also occur in a large number of taxa including insects, plants and vertebrates, presenting the patterns of local adaptation in multiple species (Hoff- mann Rieseberg, 2008). For example, chromosomal inversions seem to play an important role in the repeated adaptation of stickleback fish populations to fresh water from marine ancestors (Jones et al., 2012). In Anopheles, evidence has been found for the involve- ment of a single inversion in adaptation to savannah Correspondence: Josiane Santos, cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Tel.: 00351 217500630; fax: 00351 217500028; e-mail: jmssantos@fc.ul.pt 1 Present address: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal ª 2 0 1 6 E U R O P E A N S O C I E T Y F O R E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y . J . E V O L . B I O L . 1J O U R N A L O F E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y ª 2 0 1 6 E U R O P E A N S O C I E T Y F O R E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y doi: 10.1111/jeb.12856

�ݺ�ߣ

Santos et al 2016 JEB

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (9)

Similar to Santos et al 2016 JEB (20)

Santos et al 2016 JEB