Scaffolding
Download as pptx, pdf3 likes236 views
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support construction workers and the structure being built. There are several types of scaffolding including single, double, cantilever, suspended, trestle, steel, and patented scaffolding. Trestle scaffolding uses movable tripods or ladders to support a working platform, making it suitable for indoor work like painting or repairs up to a height of 5 meters.
1 of 11
Downloaded 28 times
Ad
Recommended
Scaffolding
ScaffoldingMuhammad Anwar ul Haq
油
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers and materials during construction projects. There are several types of scaffolding that are used depending on the type of construction work. Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, and putlogs used for brick masonry. Double scaffolding uses two parallel frames for stone masonry work. Cantilever scaffolding supports standards through holes in walls. Suspended scaffolding suspends working platforms from roofs. Trestle scaffolding supports platforms on movable tripods for indoor work. Steel scaffolding uses steel tubes and fittings for strength and flexibility. Patented scaffolding uses ready-made steel components with adjustable platforms.Stairs
StairsSefanya Rolandus
油
The document discusses different types of stairs and their components. It describes stairs as a means of vertical circulation between floors of a building. The main types of stairs discussed are straight flight, quarter turn, half turn, spiral/elliptical, and winder stairs. Stairs can be made from materials like timber, concrete, steel, and stone. Reinforced concrete and precast concrete are common for multi-story buildings. Stairs must meet requirements for strength, safety, and fire safety.Beam-Column-Stair
Beam-Column-StairHimel Saha
油
The document provides information about a construction engineering course including:
- The course name is "Details of Construction" with course number CE-200 taught by Munshi Galib Muktadir & Sadia Mohsin.
- It outlines the presentation topics which include columns and their classifications, construction of stairs, construction of columns, construction of beams, and beams and their classifications.
- The document defines columns, beams, and stairs and provides their classifications and construction steps.
- Group 2 members are listed who will be presenting on these topics. Introduction slides cover sites visited and materials used for construction.Rib lath
Rib lathAlvin Wei
油
Rib lath is an expanded metal made from galvanized steel or stainless steel that has a special reinforced V-shaped structure giving it extra strength and rigidity. It is ideal for use as a base or background material for plaster or stucco applications in construction projects like suspended ceilings or partitions.Castle powerpoint
Castle powerpoint cczulada
油
Castle defenses during sieges included portcullises, murder holes, and arrow loops. A portcullis was a heavy metal or timber grill that could be lowered to block the castle entrance. Murder holes allowed defenders to drop arrows, rocks, and oil on attackers trapped between the outer gate and inner portcullis. Arrow loops were narrow vertical slits through which archers inside the castle could fire arrows. Other defenses discussed include moats, crenels, merlons, garderobes, battering rams, catapults, drawbridges, and turrets.Fittings
FittingsShikha Thapa
油
This document discusses different types of pipe fittings used to join pipes and tubes, including screwed, welded, flanged, flare, compression, and soldered fittings. It separates fittings into those suitable for thick-walled pipes like screwed, flanged, and welded fittings, and those for thin-walled pipes such as flare, compression, and soldered fittings. Each type of fitting is then briefly defined.Staircase detail
Staircase detailShivang Madaan
油
The document discusses different types of staircases based on their slab and construction techniques. It describes inclined slab staircases which provide better circulation than straight flights, cranked slab staircases which are constructed as a cranked slab spanning between landings with no side supports, and cantilever spine wall staircases which have independent steps anchored to a bearing wall. It also covers string and trimmer staircases which have landings supported by side walls and inclined beams supporting the flight.Staircase
StaircaseMaharishi Thula
油
This document provides information about staircases and ramps. It defines stairs as a series of steps connecting different floors, while ramps are sloped surfaces allowing travel between levels. The document discusses technical terms related to stairs like treads, risers, flights, and landings. It also classifies different types of stairs including straight, turning, quarter turn, half turn, geometrical, circular and spiral. Materials used for stairs like concrete, timber, metal and masonry are mentioned. Placement and different kinds of ramps for pedestrian and vehicular use are also summarized.Stairs
StairsDarshan Bavadiya
油
The document provides details on casting a concrete staircase, including a five step process: 1) calculating rise and run, 2) bending reinforcing bars, 3) building plywood forms, 4) mixing concrete, and 5) pouring and finishing the concrete. Key details include using TMT bars, a 1:2:3 concrete mix ratio, and kota stone finishing. The project location is in Surat and involves a dog-leg staircase with varying riser heights between 0.1-0.2 meters.Structures Review
Structures Reviewomeya929
油
Structures are sets of parts that resist forces to maintain an object's shape. Forces act on structures and cause stresses like traction, compression, bending, torsion, shear and buckling. Structures provide resistance, rigidity and stability. Key structural elements include bases, columns, beams, frames, trusses, braces, arches and profiles. Common structure types are massive, framed, triangulated, hanging, shell, pneumatic, vaulted and geodesic.Types of pitched roofs
Types of pitched roofsanandcivil103
油
The document outlines various types of pitched roofs, detailing their basic elements such as lean-to, gable, hip, and mansard roofs, along with their suitability for different spans. It elaborates on single, double, and trussed roof types, including key components like rafters, purlins, and trusses, as well as reinforcing methods to prevent sagging and spreading. Additionally, it discusses the differences between timber and steel trusses, emphasizing the advantages of steel for longer spans due to its strength and economical fabrication.Stairs
StairsParas Ahuja
油
This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.Presentation stairs by simran khatri
Presentation stairs by simran khatriSimran Khatri
油
Stairs are essential constructions that facilitate movement between different levels in a building, available in various types such as straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, winder, spiral, and curved stairs. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages regarding space efficiency, safety, construction complexity, and aesthetic appeal. Additionally, ladders can serve as compact alternatives for vertical mobility but are not suitable as primary staircases.Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre-stressed ConcreteKatrina Mabini
油
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.Details of lintels
Details of lintelssameer313
油
The document discusses the definition and classification of lintels, which are horizontal structural members used in openings. It outlines various types of lintels including timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced cement concrete, along with their characteristics and suitable applications. Additionally, it briefly mentions ventilators, which are small windows for room ventilation, typically positioned higher than standard windows.Terminology & Definitions
Terminology & Definitionsdurolast
油
The document defines common building types including agricultural pole barns, metal buildings, and mansard and flat roof styles. It also defines roofing system components such as trusses, decking, and framing members. Additionally, it describes different types of standing seam metal roof panels including structural, architectural, and various panel profiles. The document also defines direct fasten and concealed fasten metal wall panels. Finally, it discusses metal roof structure components like Zee and Cee sections as well as types of insulation materials.Stairs
StairsYamini Soni
油
The document discusses different types of staircases and important considerations for staircase design and construction. It covers the evolution of staircases and why they are needed, as well as principles for planning and designing stairs, including width, pitch, handrails, and recommended tread and rise proportions. The document also examines different stair materials, lighting requirements, and styles of stairs including modern, classic, curved, and traditional designs.Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
油
This document discusses different types of ballast used in railway tracks. It describes the key functions of ballast, which include holding sleepers in position, distributing loads, providing elasticity, drainage, and preventing weed growth. The ideal characteristics of good ballast are then outlined. Several common types of ballast materials used in India are then described in detail, including their advantages and disadvantages. Broken stone is highlighted as the best type of ballast due to its strength, durability, and drainage properties, though other options like gravel, sand, ashes, and slag are also used depending on availability and track importance.Stairs Ppt
Stairs PptShehzadkhan Munshi
油
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.Stairs presentation
Stairs presentationabdi beder
油
The document defines different types of stairs and their components. It discusses:
1. The basic components of stairs including steps, treads, risers, handrails, and balusters.
2. Different types of stairs such as straight stairs, open newel stairs, circular stairs, dog-legged stairs, and bifurcated stairs.
3. Common materials used in stair construction including wood, stone, metal, and reinforced concrete. Escalators are also mentioned.
4. Brief descriptions and uses of each stair type along with examples.Staircases
StaircasesARYAN GUPTA
油
Stairs provide access between different floors and levels of a building. They consist of steps arranged in flights with landings between. Stairs can be made of various materials like timber, metal, stone, reinforced concrete, or brick. Common types include straight stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, and spiral/circular stairs. Stairs must meet functional requirements of strength, safety, and fire safety to support loads and allow escape. Proper dimensions of treads, risers, headroom, and handrails are important for safe use of stairs in a building.Stairs (for civil engineering)
Stairs (for civil engineering)laxman singh
油
The document provides an overview of stairs, covering their glossary, requirements for good design, types, and materials used in construction. It emphasizes the importance of safety, accessibility, and comfort, detailing specific dimensions and classifications of various stair types including straight, turning, bifurcated, and continuous stairs. Additionally, it discusses materials like timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete in relation to their suitability for different stair designs.Roof components
Roof componentsAbhishek kumar
油
The document provides a detailed overview of the various components of a roof, including terms such as gable, hip, eaves, and rafters. It explains the function and structural significance of elements like wall plates, fascia boards, purlins, and joist hangers, among others. Each component's role in supporting the roof structure and creating a durable framework is highlighted.Tema 5 estructuras biling端e
Tema 5 estructuras biling端eJoaquin Trujillo
油
A structure is defined as a set of elements capable of supporting forces and transmitting them to points where it rests to resist forces and remain stable. The document outlines the main types of efforts structures must withstand like compression, traction, flexion, and twist. It also lists common structural elements such as foundations, columns, girders, arches, and cables. Resistant structures can withstand loads without deforming, while stable structures maintain their position when forces are applied and rely on their center of gravity. Different structural profiles like L, V, X, and H shapes allow for resistant, lightweight and inexpensive designs.Staircase ppt kamal
Staircase ppt kamalKamal Bajaj
油
Stairs connect different horizontal levels in a building and allow people to travel between floors. There are several types of stairs including straight run stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, spiral stairs, and circular stairs. Stairs are constructed from various materials like timber, brick, stone, steel, and reinforced concrete with each having advantages and disadvantages in terms of strength, fire resistance, and weight. Key parts of stairs include treads, risers, strings, landings, and handrails.What is the difference between an h beam and i-beam
What is the difference between an h beam and i-beamHoang Bui
油
The document compares H-beams and I-beams, explaining their structural differences, uses, and advantages in construction. H-beams are heavier and stronger, suitable for larger spans, while I-beams are lighter and versatile, often used as support trusses. Overall, understanding these beam types is essential for engineers and builders in the steel construction industry.Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to PrototypingMark Billinghurst
油
Lecture 1 of a course on Rapid Prototyping for XR taught by Mark Billinghurst at Oulu University on June 9th, 2025. This lecture presents an Introduction to Prototyping. Abraham Silberschatz-Operating System Concepts (9th,2012.12).pdf
Abraham Silberschatz-Operating System Concepts (9th,2012.12).pdfShabista Imam
油
Complete book of operating system edition 9More Related Content
What's hot (18)
Stairs
StairsDarshan Bavadiya
油
The document provides details on casting a concrete staircase, including a five step process: 1) calculating rise and run, 2) bending reinforcing bars, 3) building plywood forms, 4) mixing concrete, and 5) pouring and finishing the concrete. Key details include using TMT bars, a 1:2:3 concrete mix ratio, and kota stone finishing. The project location is in Surat and involves a dog-leg staircase with varying riser heights between 0.1-0.2 meters.Structures Review
Structures Reviewomeya929
油
Structures are sets of parts that resist forces to maintain an object's shape. Forces act on structures and cause stresses like traction, compression, bending, torsion, shear and buckling. Structures provide resistance, rigidity and stability. Key structural elements include bases, columns, beams, frames, trusses, braces, arches and profiles. Common structure types are massive, framed, triangulated, hanging, shell, pneumatic, vaulted and geodesic.Types of pitched roofs
Types of pitched roofsanandcivil103
油
The document outlines various types of pitched roofs, detailing their basic elements such as lean-to, gable, hip, and mansard roofs, along with their suitability for different spans. It elaborates on single, double, and trussed roof types, including key components like rafters, purlins, and trusses, as well as reinforcing methods to prevent sagging and spreading. Additionally, it discusses the differences between timber and steel trusses, emphasizing the advantages of steel for longer spans due to its strength and economical fabrication.Stairs
StairsParas Ahuja
油
This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.Presentation stairs by simran khatri
Presentation stairs by simran khatriSimran Khatri
油
Stairs are essential constructions that facilitate movement between different levels in a building, available in various types such as straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, winder, spiral, and curved stairs. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages regarding space efficiency, safety, construction complexity, and aesthetic appeal. Additionally, ladders can serve as compact alternatives for vertical mobility but are not suitable as primary staircases.Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre-stressed ConcreteKatrina Mabini
油
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.Details of lintels
Details of lintelssameer313
油
The document discusses the definition and classification of lintels, which are horizontal structural members used in openings. It outlines various types of lintels including timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced cement concrete, along with their characteristics and suitable applications. Additionally, it briefly mentions ventilators, which are small windows for room ventilation, typically positioned higher than standard windows.Terminology & Definitions
Terminology & Definitionsdurolast
油
The document defines common building types including agricultural pole barns, metal buildings, and mansard and flat roof styles. It also defines roofing system components such as trusses, decking, and framing members. Additionally, it describes different types of standing seam metal roof panels including structural, architectural, and various panel profiles. The document also defines direct fasten and concealed fasten metal wall panels. Finally, it discusses metal roof structure components like Zee and Cee sections as well as types of insulation materials.Stairs
StairsYamini Soni
油
The document discusses different types of staircases and important considerations for staircase design and construction. It covers the evolution of staircases and why they are needed, as well as principles for planning and designing stairs, including width, pitch, handrails, and recommended tread and rise proportions. The document also examines different stair materials, lighting requirements, and styles of stairs including modern, classic, curved, and traditional designs.Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
油
This document discusses different types of ballast used in railway tracks. It describes the key functions of ballast, which include holding sleepers in position, distributing loads, providing elasticity, drainage, and preventing weed growth. The ideal characteristics of good ballast are then outlined. Several common types of ballast materials used in India are then described in detail, including their advantages and disadvantages. Broken stone is highlighted as the best type of ballast due to its strength, durability, and drainage properties, though other options like gravel, sand, ashes, and slag are also used depending on availability and track importance.Stairs Ppt
Stairs PptShehzadkhan Munshi
油
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.Stairs presentation
Stairs presentationabdi beder
油
The document defines different types of stairs and their components. It discusses:
1. The basic components of stairs including steps, treads, risers, handrails, and balusters.
2. Different types of stairs such as straight stairs, open newel stairs, circular stairs, dog-legged stairs, and bifurcated stairs.
3. Common materials used in stair construction including wood, stone, metal, and reinforced concrete. Escalators are also mentioned.
4. Brief descriptions and uses of each stair type along with examples.Staircases
StaircasesARYAN GUPTA
油
Stairs provide access between different floors and levels of a building. They consist of steps arranged in flights with landings between. Stairs can be made of various materials like timber, metal, stone, reinforced concrete, or brick. Common types include straight stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, and spiral/circular stairs. Stairs must meet functional requirements of strength, safety, and fire safety to support loads and allow escape. Proper dimensions of treads, risers, headroom, and handrails are important for safe use of stairs in a building.Stairs (for civil engineering)
Stairs (for civil engineering)laxman singh
油
The document provides an overview of stairs, covering their glossary, requirements for good design, types, and materials used in construction. It emphasizes the importance of safety, accessibility, and comfort, detailing specific dimensions and classifications of various stair types including straight, turning, bifurcated, and continuous stairs. Additionally, it discusses materials like timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete in relation to their suitability for different stair designs.Roof components
Roof componentsAbhishek kumar
油
The document provides a detailed overview of the various components of a roof, including terms such as gable, hip, eaves, and rafters. It explains the function and structural significance of elements like wall plates, fascia boards, purlins, and joist hangers, among others. Each component's role in supporting the roof structure and creating a durable framework is highlighted.Tema 5 estructuras biling端e
Tema 5 estructuras biling端eJoaquin Trujillo
油
A structure is defined as a set of elements capable of supporting forces and transmitting them to points where it rests to resist forces and remain stable. The document outlines the main types of efforts structures must withstand like compression, traction, flexion, and twist. It also lists common structural elements such as foundations, columns, girders, arches, and cables. Resistant structures can withstand loads without deforming, while stable structures maintain their position when forces are applied and rely on their center of gravity. Different structural profiles like L, V, X, and H shapes allow for resistant, lightweight and inexpensive designs.Staircase ppt kamal
Staircase ppt kamalKamal Bajaj
油
Stairs connect different horizontal levels in a building and allow people to travel between floors. There are several types of stairs including straight run stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, spiral stairs, and circular stairs. Stairs are constructed from various materials like timber, brick, stone, steel, and reinforced concrete with each having advantages and disadvantages in terms of strength, fire resistance, and weight. Key parts of stairs include treads, risers, strings, landings, and handrails.What is the difference between an h beam and i-beam
What is the difference between an h beam and i-beamHoang Bui
油
The document compares H-beams and I-beams, explaining their structural differences, uses, and advantages in construction. H-beams are heavier and stronger, suitable for larger spans, while I-beams are lighter and versatile, often used as support trusses. Overall, understanding these beam types is essential for engineers and builders in the steel construction industry.Recently uploaded (20)
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 1 Introduction to PrototypingMark Billinghurst
油
Lecture 1 of a course on Rapid Prototyping for XR taught by Mark Billinghurst at Oulu University on June 9th, 2025. This lecture presents an Introduction to Prototyping. Abraham Silberschatz-Operating System Concepts (9th,2012.12).pdf
Abraham Silberschatz-Operating System Concepts (9th,2012.12).pdfShabista Imam
油
Complete book of operating system edition 9How to Un-Obsolete Your Legacy Keypad Design
How to Un-Obsolete Your Legacy Keypad DesignEpec Engineered Technologies
油
For any number of circumstances, obsolescence risk is ever present in the electronics industry. This is especially true for human-to-machine interface hardware, such as keypads, touchscreens, front panels, bezels, etc. This industry is known for its high mix and low-volume builds, critical design requirements, and high costs to requalify hardware. Because of these reasons, many programs will face end-of-life challenges both at the component level as well as at the supplier level.
Redesigns and qualifications can take months or even years, so proactively managing this risk is the best way to deter this. If an LED is obsolete or a switch vendor has gone out of business, there are options to proceed.
In this webinar, we cover options to redesign and reverse engineer legacy keypad and touchscreen designs.
For more information on our HMI solutions, visit https://www.epectec.com/user-interfaces.
Tally.ERP 9 at a Glance.book - Tally Solutions .pdf
Tally.ERP 9 at a Glance.book - Tally Solutions .pdfShabista Imam
油
Tally.ERP 9 at a Glance.book, a fully completed guidance to learn tally erp 9.0Machine Learning - Classification Algorithms
Machine Learning - Classification Algorithmsresming1
油
This covers traditional machine learning algorithms for classification. It includes Support vector machines, decision trees, Naive Bayes classifier , neural networks, etc.
It also discusses about model evaluation and selection. It discusses ID3 and C4.5 algorithms. It also describes k-nearest neighbor classifer.Introduction to Natural Language Processing - Stages in NLP Pipeline, Challen...
Introduction to Natural Language Processing - Stages in NLP Pipeline, Challen...resming1
油
Lecture delivered in 2021. This gives an introduction to Natural Language Processing. It describes the use cases of NLP in daily life. It discusses the stages in NLP Pipeline. It highlights the challenges involved covering the different levels of ambiguity that could arise. It also gives a brief note on the present scenario with the latest language models, tools and frameworks/libraries for NLP.Call For Papers - 17th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks...
Call For Papers - 17th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks...hosseinihamid192023
油
17th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks (WiMoNe 2025) will provide
an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and
applications of Wireless & Mobile computing Environment. Current information age is witnessing
a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Wireless, Mobile
Networks & its applications had received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of
designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life.
The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both
academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.MATERIAL SCIENCE LECTURE NOTES FOR DIPLOMA STUDENTS
MATERIAL SCIENCE LECTURE NOTES FOR DIPLOMA STUDENTSSAMEER VISHWAKARMA
油
This PPT contains notes for taking lecture at diploma level.FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTUREShabista Imam
油
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
By : Mostafa Abd-El-Barr & Hesham El-Rewini:: wiley
A complete guidance bookCall For Papers - 17th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks...
Call For Papers - 17th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks...hosseinihamid192023
油
Ad
Scaffolding
- 1. Types
- 2. Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction works.
- 3. Single scaffolding Double scaffolding Cantilever scaffolding Suspended scaffolding Trestle scaffolding Steel scaffolding Patented scaffolding
- 7. When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards, When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic, When upper part of the wall is under construction.
- 9. In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable tripods or ladders. This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of 5m