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Scales and Measurements

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Dr KHALID B.M
Dr KHALID B.M

This document discusses different types of scales and measurements used in qualitative data. It describes dichotomous, nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Dichotomous scales have two categories, nominal scales classify individuals into categories with no logical order, and ordinal scales involve categories with a logical ordering. Interval and ratio scales involve quantitative measurements where interval scales do not have an absolute zero point and ratio scales do. The document provides examples of variables that use each type of scale and measurement. It also discusses descriptive statistics and how to report summary statistics depending on the type of variable.

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SCALES AND MEASUREMENTS 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 1
QUALITATIVE DATA (CATEGORICAL) Dichotomous (Binary ) Scale When subjects are categorized into only two categories we refer such scales as dichotomous or Binary Examples: Response of drug (cured / Not Cured) disease status (diseased / non diseased) Gender (Male / Female) QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 2
NOMINAL SCALE The scale consists of a set of categories into which, individuals are classified based on defined characteristics. The categories have no logical order within themselves. Example blood type ( A, B, AB,O) Ethnicity (white, black, Asian etc) ORDINAL SCALE The categories in this scale possess logical ordering between them, with such measurement the categories indicate the amount of a characters possessed. Pain ( no pain, mild, moderate, severe) as 0,1,2,3. QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 3
Prakriti Vata, Pitta, Kapha Snehapan lakshan Ayog, samyak yog, ati yog Nutritional status Sthula, krusha QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 4
INTERVAL At the interval level of measurement, numbers represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute zero point. Example, temperature of zero, does not indicate that there is no heat ! Hypertension Interval measures reflect differences in magnitude QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 5
RATIO A ratio level of measurement represents fixed measuring units with an absolute zero point. On a ratio scale, 10 = 2+ 8 as well as 2 x 5. Examples: Height, Weight, Income, Time Ratio numbers can be added and subtracted, and because the numbers begin at an absolute zero point, they can also be multiplied and divided. QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 6
Quiz 2 What is level of measurement for the variable political party affiliation, with values Congress NCP Shivsena Manase BJP RPI Nominal QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 7
Quiz 4 What is the level of measurement for the variable Political Ideology Scale, measured on a scale of 6-24, where 6=Very Conservative and 24=Very Liberal? Interval QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 8
Quiz 3 What is the level of measurement for the variable, political ideology, measured as Very Conservative Conservative Moderate Liberal Very Liberal Ordinal QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 9
Quiz 5 What is the level of measurement for the variable Annual income, measured in rupees? Ratio QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 10
Quiz 6 What is the level of measurement for the variable Age of the individual", measured in years? Interval QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 11
30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 12
DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES AVERAGE : Mean Arithmetic average Median 50th value Mode fashionable number MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Range: Minimum to maximum Interquartile range: 25 and 75th percentile Variance: Expressed in square term Standard deviation: Expressed in original units QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 13
REPORTING SUMMARY OF STATISTICS Type Of Variable Summary Measures To Be Presented Continuous Variable With No Extreme (Normally Distributed) Mean賊Standard Deviation Continuous Variable With Extreme Median (Range / Interquartile) Ordinal Value Median (Range) Nominal Value Frequency (Percentage) QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 14
One Accurate Measurement Is Worth A Thousand Expert Opinions PUNCH LINE 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 15

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Scales and Measurements

  • 1. SCALES AND MEASUREMENTS 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 1
  • 2. QUALITATIVE DATA (CATEGORICAL) Dichotomous (Binary ) Scale When subjects are categorized into only two categories we refer such scales as dichotomous or Binary Examples: Response of drug (cured / Not Cured) disease status (diseased / non diseased) Gender (Male / Female) QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 2
  • 3. NOMINAL SCALE The scale consists of a set of categories into which, individuals are classified based on defined characteristics. The categories have no logical order within themselves. Example blood type ( A, B, AB,O) Ethnicity (white, black, Asian etc) ORDINAL SCALE The categories in this scale possess logical ordering between them, with such measurement the categories indicate the amount of a characters possessed. Pain ( no pain, mild, moderate, severe) as 0,1,2,3. QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 3
  • 4. Prakriti Vata, Pitta, Kapha Snehapan lakshan Ayog, samyak yog, ati yog Nutritional status Sthula, krusha QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 4
  • 5. INTERVAL At the interval level of measurement, numbers represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute zero point. Example, temperature of zero, does not indicate that there is no heat ! Hypertension Interval measures reflect differences in magnitude QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 5
  • 6. RATIO A ratio level of measurement represents fixed measuring units with an absolute zero point. On a ratio scale, 10 = 2+ 8 as well as 2 x 5. Examples: Height, Weight, Income, Time Ratio numbers can be added and subtracted, and because the numbers begin at an absolute zero point, they can also be multiplied and divided. QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 6
  • 7. Quiz 2 What is level of measurement for the variable political party affiliation, with values Congress NCP Shivsena Manase BJP RPI Nominal QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 7
  • 8. Quiz 4 What is the level of measurement for the variable Political Ideology Scale, measured on a scale of 6-24, where 6=Very Conservative and 24=Very Liberal? Interval QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 8
  • 9. Quiz 3 What is the level of measurement for the variable, political ideology, measured as Very Conservative Conservative Moderate Liberal Very Liberal Ordinal QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 9
  • 10. Quiz 5 What is the level of measurement for the variable Annual income, measured in rupees? Ratio QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 10
  • 11. Quiz 6 What is the level of measurement for the variable Age of the individual", measured in years? Interval QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 11
  • 12. 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 12
  • 13. DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES AVERAGE : Mean Arithmetic average Median 50th value Mode fashionable number MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Range: Minimum to maximum Interquartile range: 25 and 75th percentile Variance: Expressed in square term Standard deviation: Expressed in original units QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 13
  • 14. REPORTING SUMMARY OF STATISTICS Type Of Variable Summary Measures To Be Presented Continuous Variable With No Extreme (Normally Distributed) Mean賊Standard Deviation Continuous Variable With Extreme Median (Range / Interquartile) Ordinal Value Median (Range) Nominal Value Frequency (Percentage) QUICK SCAN 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 14
  • 15. One Accurate Measurement Is Worth A Thousand Expert Opinions PUNCH LINE 30-01-2023 Motivation for life Academy by Dr Khalid B.M 15