Scaffolding workshop notes from 18/8/11angietoppan
油
This document discusses strategies for scaffolding reading and writing for students in an academic setting. It emphasizes explicitly teaching academic language, reading skills and strategies, and the structures and choices involved in different types of texts. Some key strategies mentioned include modeling, joint construction of texts with students, providing graphic organizers, teaching vocabulary in context, and using techniques like partner reading, outlining, rewriting and feedback to support students in developing their skills. The goal is to make the processes involved in reading and writing as transparent as possible for students.
The document discusses several key points about teaching reading strategies to language learners. It emphasizes that reading materials should be authentic, the reading purpose should be authentic, and the reading approach should mimic real-world reading. Effective strategies include previewing, predicting, skimming and scanning, guessing from context, and paraphrasing. The instructor's role is to model strategies, provide time for students to practice them, and check comprehension. When students use strategies appropriately, they gain more control over the reading experience and confidence in their reading ability.
This document discusses receptive and productive language skills. It defines reading and listening as receptive skills and speaking as a productive skill. It notes key differences between listening and reading, and factors that make reading texts easier or more difficult. It outlines different reading approaches like skimming, scanning, intensive and extensive reading. It discusses pre-reading, during reading and post-reading activities. For speaking, it defines accuracy and fluency. It provides examples of controlled, guided and free speaking activities teachers can use and tips for encouraging student speaking.
This document provides guidance on teaching reading and writing. It discusses the reading process and strategies for before, during and after reading. Some key strategies discussed are predicting, activating prior knowledge, engaging students and monitoring comprehension. It also discusses extensive and intensive reading. For writing, it outlines the writing process including planning, drafting, revising and editing. It provides 30 ideas for teaching writing such as using students' lives to inspire writing, establishing email dialogues about books, and teaching grammar and revision techniques.
This document discusses effective ways of presenting English grammar to students in 5th-6th grade. It begins by outlining some general principles of grammar teaching, including using a conscious, practical, and structural approach. It also emphasizes the importance of grammar for communication. The document then discusses specific techniques teachers can use, such as visual aids, examples, contrast, and practice exercises. It warns against overexplaining rules and emphasizes the need to make grammar relevant and fun for students.
This document discusses receptive and productive language skills, specifically reading and speaking.
It provides information on reading skills such as skimming, scanning, intensive and extensive reading. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and strategies to help students with reading.
For speaking skills, it discusses the differences between accuracy and fluency activities. It provides examples of controlled, guided and free speaking activities teachers can use. It also offers tips for encouraging students to speak in the classroom.
The document concludes by briefly touching on writing skills and noting similarities between teaching writing and speaking, such as the importance of planning, layout, punctuation and creative activities.
This document summarizes key differences between receptive skills like reading and listening, and productive skills like speaking and writing in language learning. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and different reading approaches. It also outlines techniques for developing speaking skills, including controlled, guided and free activities. Key points for teaching productive skills are emphasized, such as the differences between accuracy and fluency activities, encouraging student interaction, and providing feedback. Guidelines are provided for planning and implementing free speaking activities and developing writing skills with attention to spelling, layout, punctuation and creative writing.
Development of communication skills in teaching & learning English among ESL ...Vijayeswari Subba Naidu
油
This document summarizes a workshop on developing communication skills for English as a second language learners. It identifies problems ESL learners face such as lack of motivation and issues with listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. It also outlines strategies discussed at the workshop to improve skills like using activities to make learning enjoyable, setting goals, building confidence, and reducing anxiety. Teachers are encouraged to make lessons relevant, promote collaboration, and motivate students.
This document provides guidance on comprehension strategies to use before, during, and after reading a text. It recommends choosing two strategies for each phase, such as using graphic organizers or KWL charts before reading, interacting with the text through key words or visual representations during reading, and reconstructing or extending the text after reading. Specific strategies discussed in more detail include KWL, QuADS, 3-2-1, anticipation guides, SQ3R, and various exercises for interacting with and understanding texts like highlighting, cloze passages, sequencing, and matching headings to paragraphs. The document also covers spoken language strategies to promote exploratory talk and higher-order thinking when discussing texts.
This document provides information about reading comprehension and fluency. It discusses how comprehension skills become more important in grades 3-4 and indicators of strong readers like predicting, self-monitoring, and making connections. Weak readers may struggle with organization, vocabulary, or engagement. The document outlines strategies to teach comprehension like summarizing, questioning, story mapping, monitoring, and using graphic organizers. It also discusses the importance of foundational skills, practice, and varying activities. Building fluency involves practice, vocabulary work, and exposure to models of fluent reading. Resources for additional information are provided.
This document discusses strategies for teaching reading comprehension to struggling readers. It recommends explicitly teaching comprehension strategies like making inferences. The author believes that comprehension is the goal of reading and is best taught through modeling strategies, guided practice, and independent practice. While some students may struggle with word recognition, comprehension requires understanding words as well as using strategies to derive meaning. Teachers should assess students' needs, provide direct instruction in areas of weakness, and help students develop a love of reading.
This document discusses productive skills, specifically speaking and writing, in language learning. It defines productive skills as skills that allow students to practice real-life language use. The document outlines various approaches and activities for teaching speaking, such as role plays, brainstorming, and interviews. It also discusses the importance of teaching writing and defines writing. The document then describes aspects of effective writing like grammar, vocabulary and punctuation. It provides examples of writing activities like letters, diaries and essays. Finally, it discusses product-oriented and process-oriented approaches to teaching writing.
Teaching reading for high school students in VietnamNgoc Hoang Dinh
油
The document discusses beliefs about teaching reading in English. It presents statements that teachers may agree or disagree with on topics like using literature vs newspapers, pre-teaching vocabulary, reading for comprehension vs tests, choosing appropriate texts, and roles of the teacher and student. The comments provide perspective on the statements and discuss concepts like extensive and intensive reading. It also covers strategies for dealing with new words, pre-reading and while-reading techniques, and consolidating reading skills.
This document discusses strategies for teaching close reading, including anticipation guides, vocabulary support, annotating, summarizing, notetaking templates, and self-generated questions. It describes using tools like Google Forms, Padlet, and wikis to engage students and have them analyze a poem using literacy strategies. Scaffolding strategies are recommended, such as breaking down readings into sections and providing tools and structures to help students comprehend parts of the text.
Jeremy Tang observed a Year 7 class focused on narrative writing techniques. The class read from The Hunger Games and discussed vocabulary. Students then worked in groups to create mind maps of descriptive writing techniques. While the lesson engaged students and developed independent work, the observer noted areas for improvement, including better planning reading time to promote comprehension, considering alternative writing forms, and providing more examples to illustrate descriptive techniques. The observer praised student enthusiasm but encouraged the teacher to give more explicit instruction on descriptive writing.
This document outlines a guided reading lesson plan for grades 4-6. It includes running records, word study, guided reading of chapter books with a focus on comprehension strategies. Students will read independently, with a teacher, and discuss what they read by summarizing, retelling stories, and responding to questions. The goal is to improve students' problem solving, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension.
TICE - Building Academic Language in the ClassroomElisabeth Chan
油
This document provides suggestions for activities to build students' academic English skills, including writing, reading, speaking, and vocabulary. For writing, it recommends explicitly teaching the writing process, including brainstorming, outlining, drafting, revising. For reading, it suggests extensive reading of graded texts along with explicit instruction in reading strategies. For speaking, it advises raising students' awareness of differences between academic and conversational English through discussion and analysis of speeches. For vocabulary, it provides ideas for teaching vocabulary through definitions, visual representations, and using corpus tools to find example sentences and collocations. The overall document offers a variety of scaffolding techniques and strategies to develop students' academic language abilities.
The document discusses strategies for improving reading skills. It identifies 8 key reading strategies: 1) summarizing, 2) questioning, 3) story mapping, 4) monitoring, 5) question answering, 6) using graphic organizers, 7) mental imagery, and 8) activating prior knowledge. It emphasizes the importance of comprehension and provides tips for helping struggling readers such as making connections, asking questions, looking up words, and allowing more time for processing. The overall goal is to give readers tools and techniques to enhance their understanding of texts.
Improving outcomes for our low attainersgavinholden
油
The document discusses strategies for improving outcomes for low-ability students. It recommends:
1. Focusing on key concepts, literacy and numeracy skills, and making the curriculum relatable.
2. Using interactive teaching methods like modeling, questioning, and appropriate challenge.
3. Structuring lessons with clear learning objectives and regular reviews to aid recall.
The document provides examples of techniques to develop literacy, writing, and vocabulary skills. It also discusses using starters and plenaries, varied activities, and putting learning in context to improve recall for low-ability students.
This document provides a guide of strategies that teachers can use before, during, and after reading to help students with comprehension. Some strategies to use before reading include teaching important vocabulary words, using a KWL chart to activate prior knowledge, and having students brainstorm about what they know about a topic based on the title. During reading, teachers can have students highlight important information, summarize periodically, and make predictions. After reading, strategies involve identifying the author's purpose, using graphic organizers to pull out key information, discussing the text as a class, and answering comprehension questions. The overall goal is to help students actively engage with a text and extract meaning at different points in the reading process.
The document discusses various reading approaches and comprehension strategies that can be used to teach reading. It describes the reading method which focuses only on grammar and translation to aid reading comprehension. Some benefits are that it can be used for large classes and requires little teaching skill. However, it lacks speaking skill. The document also discusses skimming, scanning, extensive reading and intensive reading. Finally, it outlines several comprehension strategies teachers can use, such as activating prior knowledge, making connections, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, evaluating, and synthesizing.
The document discusses various reading comprehension strategies that teachers can use to help students understand texts. It describes strategies like teaching students about prior knowledge, making connections, asking questions, visualization, and summarization. The teacher's role is to model these strategies through think-alouds and discussions to help students actively engage with texts and extract important information.
When preparing students for a national reading test, leaving out other linguistic skills
and focusing only in reading can hinder the language acquisition process. However,
a teacher can find a helping hand in subsequently teaching writing to develop reading
comprehension skills. I will illustrate how a structured scaffolding writing process can
combine the four language skills, leading students to acquire more vocabulary and
linguistic features that will make them comprehend a text easily.
This document summarizes key differences between receptive skills like reading and listening, and productive skills like speaking and writing in language learning. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and different reading approaches. It also outlines techniques for developing speaking skills, including controlled, guided and free activities. Key points for teaching productive skills are emphasized, such as the differences between accuracy and fluency activities, encouraging student interaction, and providing feedback. Guidelines are provided for planning and implementing free speaking activities and developing writing skills with attention to spelling, layout, punctuation and creative writing.
Development of communication skills in teaching & learning English among ESL ...Vijayeswari Subba Naidu
油
This document summarizes a workshop on developing communication skills for English as a second language learners. It identifies problems ESL learners face such as lack of motivation and issues with listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. It also outlines strategies discussed at the workshop to improve skills like using activities to make learning enjoyable, setting goals, building confidence, and reducing anxiety. Teachers are encouraged to make lessons relevant, promote collaboration, and motivate students.
This document provides guidance on comprehension strategies to use before, during, and after reading a text. It recommends choosing two strategies for each phase, such as using graphic organizers or KWL charts before reading, interacting with the text through key words or visual representations during reading, and reconstructing or extending the text after reading. Specific strategies discussed in more detail include KWL, QuADS, 3-2-1, anticipation guides, SQ3R, and various exercises for interacting with and understanding texts like highlighting, cloze passages, sequencing, and matching headings to paragraphs. The document also covers spoken language strategies to promote exploratory talk and higher-order thinking when discussing texts.
This document provides information about reading comprehension and fluency. It discusses how comprehension skills become more important in grades 3-4 and indicators of strong readers like predicting, self-monitoring, and making connections. Weak readers may struggle with organization, vocabulary, or engagement. The document outlines strategies to teach comprehension like summarizing, questioning, story mapping, monitoring, and using graphic organizers. It also discusses the importance of foundational skills, practice, and varying activities. Building fluency involves practice, vocabulary work, and exposure to models of fluent reading. Resources for additional information are provided.
This document discusses strategies for teaching reading comprehension to struggling readers. It recommends explicitly teaching comprehension strategies like making inferences. The author believes that comprehension is the goal of reading and is best taught through modeling strategies, guided practice, and independent practice. While some students may struggle with word recognition, comprehension requires understanding words as well as using strategies to derive meaning. Teachers should assess students' needs, provide direct instruction in areas of weakness, and help students develop a love of reading.
This document discusses productive skills, specifically speaking and writing, in language learning. It defines productive skills as skills that allow students to practice real-life language use. The document outlines various approaches and activities for teaching speaking, such as role plays, brainstorming, and interviews. It also discusses the importance of teaching writing and defines writing. The document then describes aspects of effective writing like grammar, vocabulary and punctuation. It provides examples of writing activities like letters, diaries and essays. Finally, it discusses product-oriented and process-oriented approaches to teaching writing.
Teaching reading for high school students in VietnamNgoc Hoang Dinh
油
The document discusses beliefs about teaching reading in English. It presents statements that teachers may agree or disagree with on topics like using literature vs newspapers, pre-teaching vocabulary, reading for comprehension vs tests, choosing appropriate texts, and roles of the teacher and student. The comments provide perspective on the statements and discuss concepts like extensive and intensive reading. It also covers strategies for dealing with new words, pre-reading and while-reading techniques, and consolidating reading skills.
This document discusses strategies for teaching close reading, including anticipation guides, vocabulary support, annotating, summarizing, notetaking templates, and self-generated questions. It describes using tools like Google Forms, Padlet, and wikis to engage students and have them analyze a poem using literacy strategies. Scaffolding strategies are recommended, such as breaking down readings into sections and providing tools and structures to help students comprehend parts of the text.
Jeremy Tang observed a Year 7 class focused on narrative writing techniques. The class read from The Hunger Games and discussed vocabulary. Students then worked in groups to create mind maps of descriptive writing techniques. While the lesson engaged students and developed independent work, the observer noted areas for improvement, including better planning reading time to promote comprehension, considering alternative writing forms, and providing more examples to illustrate descriptive techniques. The observer praised student enthusiasm but encouraged the teacher to give more explicit instruction on descriptive writing.
This document outlines a guided reading lesson plan for grades 4-6. It includes running records, word study, guided reading of chapter books with a focus on comprehension strategies. Students will read independently, with a teacher, and discuss what they read by summarizing, retelling stories, and responding to questions. The goal is to improve students' problem solving, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension.
TICE - Building Academic Language in the ClassroomElisabeth Chan
油
This document provides suggestions for activities to build students' academic English skills, including writing, reading, speaking, and vocabulary. For writing, it recommends explicitly teaching the writing process, including brainstorming, outlining, drafting, revising. For reading, it suggests extensive reading of graded texts along with explicit instruction in reading strategies. For speaking, it advises raising students' awareness of differences between academic and conversational English through discussion and analysis of speeches. For vocabulary, it provides ideas for teaching vocabulary through definitions, visual representations, and using corpus tools to find example sentences and collocations. The overall document offers a variety of scaffolding techniques and strategies to develop students' academic language abilities.
The document discusses strategies for improving reading skills. It identifies 8 key reading strategies: 1) summarizing, 2) questioning, 3) story mapping, 4) monitoring, 5) question answering, 6) using graphic organizers, 7) mental imagery, and 8) activating prior knowledge. It emphasizes the importance of comprehension and provides tips for helping struggling readers such as making connections, asking questions, looking up words, and allowing more time for processing. The overall goal is to give readers tools and techniques to enhance their understanding of texts.
Improving outcomes for our low attainersgavinholden
油
The document discusses strategies for improving outcomes for low-ability students. It recommends:
1. Focusing on key concepts, literacy and numeracy skills, and making the curriculum relatable.
2. Using interactive teaching methods like modeling, questioning, and appropriate challenge.
3. Structuring lessons with clear learning objectives and regular reviews to aid recall.
The document provides examples of techniques to develop literacy, writing, and vocabulary skills. It also discusses using starters and plenaries, varied activities, and putting learning in context to improve recall for low-ability students.
This document provides a guide of strategies that teachers can use before, during, and after reading to help students with comprehension. Some strategies to use before reading include teaching important vocabulary words, using a KWL chart to activate prior knowledge, and having students brainstorm about what they know about a topic based on the title. During reading, teachers can have students highlight important information, summarize periodically, and make predictions. After reading, strategies involve identifying the author's purpose, using graphic organizers to pull out key information, discussing the text as a class, and answering comprehension questions. The overall goal is to help students actively engage with a text and extract meaning at different points in the reading process.
The document discusses various reading approaches and comprehension strategies that can be used to teach reading. It describes the reading method which focuses only on grammar and translation to aid reading comprehension. Some benefits are that it can be used for large classes and requires little teaching skill. However, it lacks speaking skill. The document also discusses skimming, scanning, extensive reading and intensive reading. Finally, it outlines several comprehension strategies teachers can use, such as activating prior knowledge, making connections, questioning, visualizing, summarizing, evaluating, and synthesizing.
The document discusses various reading comprehension strategies that teachers can use to help students understand texts. It describes strategies like teaching students about prior knowledge, making connections, asking questions, visualization, and summarization. The teacher's role is to model these strategies through think-alouds and discussions to help students actively engage with texts and extract important information.
When preparing students for a national reading test, leaving out other linguistic skills
and focusing only in reading can hinder the language acquisition process. However,
a teacher can find a helping hand in subsequently teaching writing to develop reading
comprehension skills. I will illustrate how a structured scaffolding writing process can
combine the four language skills, leading students to acquire more vocabulary and
linguistic features that will make them comprehend a text easily.
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.
APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
-Autonomy, Teams and Tension: Projects under stress
-Tim Lyons
-The neurological levels of
team-working: Harmony and tensions
With a background in projects spanning more than 40 years, Tim Lyons specialised in the delivery of large, complex, multi-disciplinary programmes for clients including Crossrail, Network Rail, ExxonMobil, Siemens and in patent development. His first career was in broadcasting, where he designed and built commercial radio station studios in Manchester, Cardiff and Bristol, also working as a presenter and programme producer. Tim now writes and presents extensively on matters relating to the human and neurological aspects of projects, including communication, ethics and coaching. He holds a Masters degree in NLP, is an NLP Master Practitioner and International Coach. He is the Deputy Lead for APMs People Interest Network.
Session | The Neurological Levels of Team-working: Harmony and Tensions
Understanding how teams really work at conscious and unconscious levels is critical to a harmonious workplace. This session uncovers what those levels are, how to use them to detect and avoid tensions and how to smooth the management of change by checking you have considered all of them.
Useful environment methods in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
In this slide well discuss on the useful environment methods in Odoo 18. In Odoo 18, environment methods play a crucial role in simplifying model interactions and enhancing data processing within the ORM framework.
Computer Network Unit IV - Lecture Notes - Network LayerMurugan146644
油
Title:
Lecture Notes - Unit IV - The Network Layer
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Computer Network concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in Computer Network. PDF content is prepared from the text book Computer Network by Andrew S. Tenanbaum
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : The Network Layer
Sub-Topic : Network Layer Design Issues (Store and forward packet switching , service provided to the transport layer, implementation of connection less service, implementation of connection oriented service, Comparision of virtual circuit and datagram subnet), Routing algorithms (Shortest path routing, Flooding , Distance Vector routing algorithm, Link state routing algorithm , hierarchical routing algorithm, broadcast routing, multicast routing algorithm)
Other Link :
1.Introduction to computer network - /slideshow/lecture-notes-introduction-to-computer-network/274183454
2. Physical Layer - /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-ii-the-physical-layer/274747125
3. Data Link Layer Part 1 : /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-iii-the-datalink-layer/275288798
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in Computer Network principles for academic.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in Computer Network
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the authors understanding in the field of Computer Network
How to Setup WhatsApp in Odoo 17 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
Integrate WhatsApp into Odoo using the WhatsApp Business API or third-party modules to enhance communication. This integration enables automated messaging and customer interaction management within Odoo 17.
Mate, a short story by Kate Grenvile.pptxLiny Jenifer
油
A powerpoint presentation on the short story Mate by Kate Greenville. This presentation provides information on Kate Greenville, a character list, plot summary and critical analysis of the short story.
Finals of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
Prelims of Kaun TALHA : a Travel, Architecture, Lifestyle, Heritage and Activism quiz, organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
Prelims of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
How to Modify Existing Web Pages in Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to modify existing web pages in Odoo 18. Web pages in Odoo 18 can also gather user data through user-friendly forms, encourage interaction through engaging features.
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code.
How to Configure Restaurants in Odoo 17 Point of SaleCeline George
油
Odoo, a versatile and integrated business management software, excels with its robust Point of Sale (POS) module. This guide delves into the intricacies of configuring restaurants in Odoo 17 POS, unlocking numerous possibilities for streamlined operations and enhanced customer experiences.
2. Script Writing for Educational Videos
A script is often referred to something like
a blueprint for filmmaking its the plan
that flows from the Creative Brief and
carries the actual story. In addition, a
script saves you a lot of time in editing and
filming.
3. How to Write a Script for a Video
1. Introduce yourself and/or the topic at the beginning
of your script.
2. Start writing your script, section by section.
3. Be as concise as you can.
4. Write conversationally.
5. Write for the audience
5. Encourage Socially-Distanced Book
Swapping
If your students live in the same area, you might suggest
to kids and parents the possibility of swapping small
stacks of books for reading. If they reach out to a friend
or fellow student and would love to trade a few to read,
then they can arrange to leave a bag of books that
haven't been touched in three days for a friend to pick-
up and leave their own bag of untouched books (in three
days) behind.
6. Make a Drop-Off Run
Are there some students in your class that you
can't reach through tech? Write them a quick note
to say hello, that you're thinking of them, and that
you wanted to lend them something to read until
they return to school. Then put it in a bag with a
storybook or two you think they'd like and drop it
off at their house.
7. Classroom Reading Instruction That
Supports Struggling Readers: Key
Components for Effective Teaching
1. Teach essential skills and strategies.
Effective reading teachers teach skills,
strategies, and concepts.
8. Classroom Reading Instruction That
Supports Struggling Readers: Key
Components for Effective Teaching
2. Provide differentiated instruction to meet
students' needs.
Effective teachers recognize that one size
doesn't fit all and are ready to adapt
instructionboth content and methods.
9. Classroom Reading Instruction That
Supports Struggling Readers: Key
Components for Effective Teaching
3. Provide explicit and systematic
instruction with lots of practice.
Students should not have to infer what
they are supposed to learn.
10. Classroom Reading Instruction That
Supports Struggling Readers: Key
Components for Effective Teaching
4. Provide opportunities to apply skills
and strategies in reading and writing
meaningful text with teacher support.
Students need to be taught what to do
when they get to a "hard word."
11. Applying Skills and Strategies in
Meaningful Text
A. Look for parts of the word you know.
In the earliest stages of learning to read, students may find a
letter or a letter combination (e.g., th, ing) that they know.
Later, they may recognize common word endings (e.g.,
ot in pot, rot, cot).
Still later, they may identify roots or base words, such as the
root spect (which means "to see") in the
words inspect and spectacles, or common prefixes and
suffixes like pre- or -ly.
12. Applying Skills and Strategies in
Meaningful Text
B. Sound it out.
Students should be taught from the earliest lessons to use a
sounding-out strategy to read unfamiliar words. They should
learn how to blend sounds and larger word parts together to read
words and how to apply this strategy when reading real text.
If a word is too difficult for a student to sound out, the teacher
can model the process of looking for known letters or word parts
and sounding out the word, and then simply tell the student the
word.
13. Applying Skills and Strategies in
Meaningful Text
C. Check it.
After students sound out the unfamiliar word, the last step of
the three-part word reading strategy is to teach students to put
the newly solved word back into the sentence and to check it
to be sure it makes sense. Thus, the meaning of the word in
context is not ignored; it is used as the checking mechanism.
Studies of skilled young readers show that this is the main way
they use contextnot for guessing what words are, but for
checking to be sure that their reading is making sense so they
can make corrections when it doesn't make sense.
14. Classroom Reading Instruction That
Supports Struggling Readers: Key
Components for Effective Teaching
5. Don't just "cover" critical content; be sure
students learn itmonitor student progress
regularly and reteach as necessary.
Effective teachers adjust their teaching
accordingly to try to accelerate student
progress.