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- 1. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä?§Ó §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§Ú§ã§Ü, §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß, §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô §ä§Ñ §Ù§â?§Ù §¢?§Ý§Ú§Ü §¡§â§ä§Ö§Þ §³§Ö§â§Ô?§Û§à§Ó§Ú§é §Ü.§ä.§ß., §Ô§à§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ ?§ß§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§â§ß§à§Ô§à §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§å §µ§¸§³§¢, §Õ§à§è§Ö§ß§ä §Ü§Ñ§æ§Ö§Õ§â§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ú§ç ? §Õ§Ö§â§Ö§Ó'§ñ§ß§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û §¬§¯§µ§¢§¡ §³§Ö§Þ?§ß§Ñ§â ?§²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§à ?§Ó§â§à§Ü§à§Õ?§Ó? 17.06.2015
- 2. §µ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û§ß§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Û, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú: ¨C §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? E = 210 000 §¯/§Þ§Þ2; ¨C §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §Ù§ã§å§Ó§å ? ? 2 81 000 §¯/§Þ§Þ 2 1 E G ? ? ? ? ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §±§å§Ñ§ã§ã§à§ß§Ñ §å §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? ¦Í = 0,3; ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ý?§ß?§Û§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Ù§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ¦Á = 12¡Á10-6¡ã§³-1 (§á§â§Ú T ¡Ü 100 ¡ãC). §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý?
- 3. §¯§Ú§Ø§ß?§Û §á?§Õ§ã§ä§â§à§é§ß§Ú §Û ?§ß§Õ§Ö§Ü§ã §å ?§Ó§â§à§Ü§à§Õ? §£§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §±§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ Ed §²§à§Ù§â. §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ö§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§å §Õ?? MEd §²§à§Ù§â. §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß. §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å Rd §²§à§Ù§â. §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§à? §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä? MRd §²§à§Ù§â. §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§à? §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä? §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß el §£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä? §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? Wel §®§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §à§á§à§â§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §å §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? pl §£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä? §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§ã§ä? Wpl §®§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §à§á§à§â§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §å §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? ?§ß§Õ§Ö§Ü§ã§Ú, §Ó§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß? §å ?§Ó§â§à§Ü§à§Õ? (§Õ§à§Ó?§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§à)
- 4. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü?§Ó, §Ó §ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §á§à§ä§â?§Ò§ß§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ó§á§Ý§Ú§Ó §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§å §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ó§å§Ù§Ý?§Ó §á§â§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§å, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §â§à§Ù§â?§Ù§ß§ñ§ä§Ú §ä§â§Ú §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý? §Ó§å§Ù§Ý?§Ó, (§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§ã§î EN 1993-1-8): ¨C §ê§Ñ§â§ß?§â§ß§å, §Õ§Ý§ñ §ñ§Ü§à? §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§á§å§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§å§Ù§à§Ý §ß§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ? §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú; ¨C §Ø§à§â§ã§ä§Ü§å, §Õ§Ý§ñ §ñ§Ü§à? §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ú§á§å§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ú, §ë§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ó§å§Ù§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ? §ß§Ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü; ¨C §ß§Ñ§á?§Ó§Ø§à§â§ã§ä§Ü§å, §Õ§Ý§ñ §ñ§Ü§à? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ó§å§Ù§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§Ñ§ç. §®§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§ð§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û
- 5. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §á§Ö§â§ê§à§Ô§à §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§å §Þ§à§Ø§Ö §Ò§å§ä§Ú §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è??, §ñ§Ü§ë§à §Ù§â§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §Ó§ß§å§ä§â?§ê§ß?§ç §ã§Ú§Ý §Ñ§Ò§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä?§Ó §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ö§ç§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú. §¸§ñ §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö §Ó§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ñ §å §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§ß§Ñ§ß§à§ð, §ñ§Ü§ë§à §Ù§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§ñ§ð§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ö§â??: 10 F F Ed cr cr ???§Õ§Ý§ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§å §Ó §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§å §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? 15 F F Ed cr cr ??? ¦Ácr ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ß§Ñ §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §á§à§Ó§Ú§ß§ß§à §Ò§å§ä§Ú §Ù§Ò?§Ý§î§ê§Ö§ß§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à? §Ó§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú §ã§ä?§Û§Ü§à§ã§ä? §å §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? Fcr ¨C §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §á§â§Ú §Ó§ä§â§Ñ§ä? §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à? §ã§ä?§Û§Ü§à§ã§ä? §å §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ??, §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó? §á§à§é§Ñ§ä§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§ç §á§â§å§Ø§ß§Ú§ç §Ø§à§â§ã§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §®§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§ð§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û FEd ¨C §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§ð §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §Õ§â§å§Ô§à§Ô§à §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§å ¨C §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§ß? §ã§Ö§Þ?§ß§Ñ§â§Ú!
- 6. §®§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§ð§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û §±§à§â§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù §ß§Ö§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §å§ç§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ ? §á§Ý§à§ã§Ü? §â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à-§ã§ä?§Û§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ð§ä§î ¦Ácr §ë§à §Þ§à§Ø§Ö §Ò§å§ä§Ú §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û ?§Ù §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §æ§à§â§Þ§å§Ý§Ú, §Ù§Ñ §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú, §ë§à §à§ã§î§à§Ó§Ú§Û §ã§ä§Ú§ã§Ü §å §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ñ§Ò§à §â§Ú§Ô§Ö§Ý§ñ§ç ? §ß§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§ß§Ú§Þ: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? EdH,Ef Ed cr ¦Ä h V H ? H§¦d ¨C §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à? §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è?? §å §ß§Ú§Ø§ß?§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß? §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§å §Ó?§Õ §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§î V§¦d ¨C §ã§å§Þ§Ñ§â§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§ð §å §ß§Ú§Ø§ß?§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß? §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§å ¦Ä§¯,§¦d ¨C §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ?§ë§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§î§à? §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ú §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§å §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§ß§à §ß§Ú§Ø§ß§î§à? §á§â§Ú §Õ?? §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§î, §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ §â?§Ó§ß? §Ü§à§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§å h ¨C §Ó§Ú§ã§à§ä§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§å
- 7. §±§â§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó?§â§è? §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§å STR §ä§Ñ/§Ñ§Ò§à GEO §Þ§Ñ? §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§ß§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§â?§Ó§ß?§ã§ä§î: Ed ? Rd §¥§Ý§ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§â?§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý?§Ó (§ñ§Ü §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î) §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ú §á§â§ñ§Þ§à §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à: §® k d R R ? ? §±§Ö§â§ê§Ñ §Ô§â§å§á§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§ß?§Ó
- 8. §µ §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ?: §¥§Ý§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó?§â§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ó §á§â§å§Ø§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? §Þ§à§Ø§Ö §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ã§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§î §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ö§â?§Û: 2 2 2 x,Ed z,Ed x,Ed z,Ed Ed y M0 y M0 y M0 y M0 y M0 3 1 / / / / /f f f f f ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? §Ü§à§ß§ã§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ, §à§ã§Ü?§Ý§î§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ú§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ? §Ö§á§ð§â§å §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§î ?§Ù §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è?§ñ§Þ§Ú, §ë§à §Õ§à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§Þ§å §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§å §±§Ö§â§ê§Ñ §Ô§â§å§á§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§ß?§Ó
- 9. §²§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô 0.1 Rdt, Ed ? N N §¯§Ö§ã§å§é§Ñ §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß?§ã§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §Ò§â§å§ä§ä§à §å §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? M0 y Rdpl, ? Af N ? §±§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§ñ§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä? §à§ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó: M2 unet Rdu, 9.0 ? fA N ?pl,RdNMin ( ; ) M0?§¹§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß? §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§à? §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä? M2? = 1.0 = 1.25 M1? = 1.0 §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å (§â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô)
- 10. §µ §Ü§Ñ§â§Ü§Ñ§ã? §Ó§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ð§ð§ä§î §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? ? §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §Ó§ñ§Ù? §¬§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ §Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§î §Þ§Ñ? §Ó§Ú§ä§â§Ú§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å: §£§ß§å§ä§â?§ê§ß? §Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù? ? ? LsqgT kki 8.0 ??? §Ñ§Ò§à 75 §Ü§¯ §£¡¯§ñ§Ù? §á§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§â§å ? ? LsqgT kkp 4.0 ??? §Ñ§Ò§à 75 §Ü§¯ s L - §¬§â§à§Ü §Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û - §¥§à§Ó§Ø§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù? gk - §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à? §Ó§Ñ§Ô§Ú §Ü§¯/§Þ.§Ü§Ó. qk - §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ü§¯/§Þ.§Ü§Ó. ? - §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ã§á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§î §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§ß§à? §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â?§Û§ß§à? §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§à? §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è?? (?1 §Ñ§Ò§à ?2)
- 11. §³§ä§Ú§ã§Ü (§Þ?§è§ß?§ã§ä§î) 0.1 Rdc, Ed ? N N §¯§Ö§ã§å§é§Ñ §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß?§ã§ä§î §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã?§Ó 1, 2 §ä§Ñ 3 : M0 y Rdc, ? Af N ? §£§Ñ§â?§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §Ù §Ó§Ú§â?§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§ä§î §à§Ü§â§Ö§Þ§à §°§ä§Ó§à§â§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§ä?§Ó §ß§Ö §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§ä§î, §ñ§Ü§ë§à §Ò§à§Ý§ä§Ú §Ó§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß? §å §à§ä§Ó§à§â§Ú
- 12. §©§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß? §Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú 0,1 Rdc, Ed ? M M §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§Ñ §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß?§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§ß§à §à§Õ§ß??? §Ù §Ó?§ã§Ö§Û M0 ypl Rdpl,Rdc, ? fW MM ??§Õ§Ý§ñ §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã§å 1 §ä§Ñ 2 M0 yminel, Rdel,Rdc, ? fW MM ??§Õ§Ý§ñ §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã§å 3 Wel,min §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§ð?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§Û§Ò?§Ý§î§ê §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ç §Ó§à§Ý§à§Ü§à§ß
- 13. §±§â§Ú §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß? §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§ß§à §Õ§Ó§à§ç §Ó?§ã§Ö§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ó§à§ä§Ñ§Ó§â§à§Ó§Ú§ç §á§â§à§æ?§Ý?§Ó 1 Rdz,N, Edz, 2 Rdy,N, Edy, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? M M M M M0 yf M2 unetf, 9.0 ?? fAfA ? §°§ä§Ó§à§â§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ ?§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Û §å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§ß§å§ä?§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§è? §Õ§à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú, §ë§à Af ¨C §á§Ý§à§ë§Ñ §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§ß§å§ä§à? §á§à§Ý§Ú§è?
- 14. §¦§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú §Õ?? §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§à? §ã§Ú§Ý§Ú 0.1 Rdc, Ed ? V V Vc,Rd §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§Ñ §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß?§ã§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §ß§Ñ §Ù§ã§å§Ó §å §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? = Vp?,Rd. ? ? M0 yv Rdpl, 3/ ? fA V ? §©§Ñ §Ó?§Õ§ã§å§ä§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ü§â§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§Û §à§á?§â §ß§Ñ §Ù§â?§Ù §å §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? §Õ§à§â?§Ó§ß§ð?:
- 15. §±§Ý§à§ë§Ñ Av, §ë§à §á§â§Ñ§è§ð? §ß§Ñ §Ù§ã§å§Ó, §á§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß? §å §á§Ý§à§ë§Ú§ß? §ß§Ñ§Û§Ò?§Ý§î§ê§à? §Ø§à§â§ã§ä§Ü§à§ã§ä?: A ¨C 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf b) §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§à§ä§Ñ§Ó§â?§Ó ? §Ü§à§â§à§Ò§é§Ñ§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§æ?§Ý?§Ó a) §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Ü§Ñ§ä§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ó§à§ä§Ñ§Ó§â?§Ó 1,2¡Æhwtw (§Õ§à S460) c) §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Ü§Ñ§ä§ß§Ú§ç §ê§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ö§â?§Ó A ¨C 2btf + (tw + r)tf e) §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Ü§å§ä§ß§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ü§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ç §á§â§à§æ?§Ý?§Ó A*h /(b + h) §®?§ã§è§Ö§Ó§Ñ §ã§ä?§Û§Ü?§ã§ä§î §ã§ä?§ß§à§Ü §á§â§Ú §Ù§ã§å§Ó? §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ñ, §ñ§Ü§ë§à ?60 w w ? t h
- 16. §©§Ô§Ú§ß ? §á§à§Ù§Õ§à§Ó§Ø§ß§ñ §ã§Ú§Ý§Ñ §¥§Ý§ñ §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù?§Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã?§Ó 1 ? 2 §á§à§Ó§Ú§ß§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§ß§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§å§á§ß§Ñ §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ MEd ¡Ü MN,Rd MN,Rd ¨C §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§Û §à§á?§â §ß§Ñ §Õ?§ð §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ??, §Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§à§Ü §Õ?? §à§ã§î§à§Ó§à? §ã§Ú§Ý§Ú NEd §¥§Ý§ñ §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Ü§å§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§å§è?§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §Ò§Ö§Ù §à§ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§â?§á§Ú§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Û MN,Rd §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú §ñ§Ü: ? ? 2 N,Rd pl,Rd Ed pl,Rd1 /M M N N? ?? ? ? ?? ? §¥§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ó§à§ä§Ñ§Ó§â§à§Ó§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù?§Ó §Ù §Õ§Ó§à§Þ§Ñ §à§ã§ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§â?? §ä§Ñ ?§ß§ê§Ú§ç §á§à§Ý§Ú§é§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§ç §á§â§à§æ?§Ý?§Ó, §á§à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ü§å §à§ã§î§à§Ó§à? §ã§Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §Õ?§ð §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ?? §â§à§Ò§Ú§ä§Ú §ß§Ö §á§à§ä§â?§Ò§ß§à, §ñ§Ü§ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ü§à§ß§å§ð§ä§î§ã§ñ §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú: NEd ¡Ü Npl,Rd §Á§Ü§ë§à §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§ß§à §à§ã? §å - §å §Á§Ü§ë§à §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§ß§à §à§ã? z - z w w y Ed M0 h t f N ? ? w w y Ed M0 0,5h t f N ? ?§ä§Ñ
- 17. §±§â§Ú§Û§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î S235§±§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ 3. §±§Ö§â§Ö§Ó?§â§Ú§ä§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ?§è§ß?§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ú §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß? §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å 1 §ä§Ñ §Ù? §Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ 16 §Ü§ß/§Þ.§Ü§Ó. 20 10 410 20 250 §¥§à§Ó§Ø§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú 8 §Þ
- 18. §²§à§Ù§Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§à§Ü: §¯§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§å §Ù§Ñ §á§Ö§â§ê§à§ð §Ô§â§å§á§à§ð §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§ß?§Ó: 16q ? §Ü§¯/§Þ.§Ü§Ó. §±§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§à §á§Ö§â§ê§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å 2 Ed 16*8 /8 128M ? ? §Ü§¯*§Þ §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä: M0? = 1.0 §¹§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§å§é§à? §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§à§ã§ä?
- 19. §²§à§Ù§Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§à§Ü: pl y c,Rd pl,Rd M0 2311,2*235 543,13 1,0*1000 W f M M ? ? ? ? ? §Õ§Ý§ñ §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã§å 1: §¥§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§Ú §Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä?§Ó §Þ§Ö§ß§ê§Ö 40 §Þ§Þ fy = 235 §®§±§Ñ pl 2311,2W ? §®§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §à§á§à§â§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §ã§Þ.§Ü§å§Ò. Ed c,Rd 128 0,24 1,0 543,13 M M ? ? ? §Ü§¯*§Þ §£§Ú§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Ü: §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §á§â§Ú §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß? §Ù§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ