際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

SERVICES

Download as PPTX, PDF
S
saikamal ck

The document discusses plumbing and sanitation systems. It begins by defining plumbing and describing its basic components like water supply pipes, fixtures, soil and vent pipes, and storm drainage. It then provides a brief history of plumbing from ancient civilizations to modern systems. The document goes on to describe various plumbing distribution systems for multi-story buildings, components like traps and vents, and considerations for drainage and sewage treatment systems.

1 of 33
Downloaded 16 times
PLUMPING
What is Plumbing? The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in buildings Or The art and science of installing, repairing and servicing of pipes, fixtures and appurtenances necessary for bringing in water supply, distributing it within and removing the liquid and water- borne wastes It includes fixtures and fixture traps; soil and waste pipes; vent pipes; building drain and building sewer; storm drainage pipes, their devices, appurtenances and connections to all within or adjacent to the building Plumbing has been a part of the human race since the dawn of human civilization. Some civilizations saw very sophisticated systems for their time while the services declined marginally during Earliest plumbing arrangements were unearthed in the Indus Valley Civilization almost 5500years old Another civilization with highly developed plumbing system was the Egyptian civilization and the Romans. Aqueducts were constructed to carry water from sources to houses. Extensive underground sewage systems. Public baths. Sanitary systems declined after the Romans and AD476 and only around the 1500s to 1800s were concerns raised for better sanitary systems!
M O D E R N P L U M P I N G
The Basic Plumbing Components of any building: 1. Water supply distributing pipes 2. Fixture and fixture traps 3. Soil, waste and vent pipes 4. Storm water drainage
NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS for design considerations: Smooth joints Avoid noise transmission Avoid formation of air locks Avoid unsightly arrangement Economy in labour and materials No piping under wastewater pipes Gradual size and direction changes Maximum rate of discharge required Water-tight pipes and pipe-connections No back-flow towards the source of supply Wholesome water supply for drinking and culinary purposes No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery, use feed cistern No cross-connection between pure and contaminated water pipes Sufficient strength of pipes underground or under traffic loads or frost Maintain definite air gap in all appliances (minimum 15 cm or twice pipe bore for storage cisterns) Corrosion protection measures in corrosive environments (e.g. corrosive soils, proximity to electric cables), e.g. exterior CI tubing
3.1.1 Potable Water All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be with supply of potable water. This water supply shall not be connected with unsafe water resources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards of backflow. 3.1.2 Water Provision Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be provided with water in sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function and without undue noise under normal conditions of use. There should beat least a residual head of 0.018 N/mm2 at the consumers tap. NOTEThe residual head shall be taken at the highest farthest outlets in the building. 3.1.14 Maintenance Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition. 3.1.15 Accessibility All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be accessible for their intended use and for cleaning. All doors, windows and any other device needing access within the toilet shall be so located that they have proper access.
4.7 Distribution Systems in Multi-Storeyed Buildings 4.7.1 There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a multi-storeyed buildings. 1. Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs and urinals supplied by overhead tanks. 2. Direct Pumping Systems 3. Hydro-Pneumatic Systems 4. Overhead Tanks Distribution 4.7.2 Direct Supply System This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available above two or three floors. 4.7.3 Direct Pumping Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the aid of any overhead tank, except for flushing purposes. The are controlled by a pressure switch installed on the line.
SERVICES
4.7.4 Hydro-Pneumatic Systems Hydro-pneumatic system is a variation of direct pumping system. An air-tight pressure vessel is installed on line to regulate the operation of the pumps. The vessel capacity shall be based on the cut-in and cut- out pressure of the pumping system depending upon allowable start/stops of the pumping system. The system shall have reliable power supply avoid breakdown in the water supply.
4.7.5 over-head Tank Distribution 4.7.5.1 This is the most of the distribution systems adopted by various type of buildings. 4.7.5.2 The system comprises pumping water to one or more overhead tanks placed at the top most location of the hydraulic zone. 4.7.5.3 Water collected in the overhead tank is distributed to the various parts of the building by a set of pipes located generally on the terrace.
3.1.5 Plumbing Fixtures It is recommended that each family dwelling unit should have at least one water closet, one lavatory, one kitchen wash place or a sink, and one bathing wash place or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 3.1.8 Fixture Traps and Vent Pipes Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a liquid seal trap, Trap seals shall be maintained to prevent sewer gas, other potentially dangerous or noxious fumes, or vermin from entering the building. Further, the drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation of air in all pipes with no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use by providing vent pipes throughout the system.
Drainage System
3.1.6 Drainage System The drainage system shall be designed, installed and maintained to guard against fouling, deposit of solids and clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 3.1.9 Foul Air Exhaust Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed as to minimize the possibilities of clogging and the return of foul air to the building, as it conveys potentially noxious or explosive gases to the outside atmosphere. All vent pipes shall be provided with a cowl.
Drainage Installation Soil and Waste Drainage System - Two-pipe Ventilated Gravity System - U/G Petrol Interceptor for Carpark - Discharge to Public Foul Water System Storm Water Drainage System - Rain Water Outlet at Roof, Balcony & Canopy - Discharge to Public Storm Water System
Sanitary Plumbing System Enclosed in Fire-Rated Service Duct Service duct Sanitary stack Cleaning Eye
PLUMBING SYSTEMS SINGLE STACK SYSTEM FULLY VENTILATED STACK SYSTEM ONE PIPE SYSTEM DUAL PIPE SYSTEM MODIFIED SINGLE PIPE SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Unit Operations The Treatment of wastewater depends upon the impurities present. The impurities present are Physical, Chemical & Biological and accordingly the treatment given are physical, chemical & biological treatments.
Sewage Treatment Sr. No. Type of Treatment Type of Treatment Unit Name of the Units Function Type of Impurity Removed. 1 Physical Treatment Physical Screens Large Suspended and Floating Matter Physical Grit Chamber Grit Physical Clarifiers Silt, Sand & Other heavier Matter 2 Chemical Treatment Chemical Chemical Reactors Dissolved Chemicals 3 Biological Treatment Biological Trickling filter Activated Sludge Rotating Biological Contractors Digesters Dissolved Organic Chemicals
Sewage Treatment Plant
Sewage Treatment In the above table the Screen, Clarifiers, grit chamber are all physical treatment unit because in all those units the removal of impurities is taking place due to physical processes like Gravity Settling, Mechanical Straining, etc. Mechanical Straining takes place in screens and gravity Settling takes place in Clarifiers. Clarifiers are also known as Sedimentation Basin or Settling tanks.
Chemical Coagulation
Neutralization Ion Exchange
Sewage Treatment The Biological Treatment fully Utilizes the micro organisms for treatment of the wastewater. Depending upon the type of microbes used, the biological treatment is classified as : Aerobic Treatment Using aerobic Organisms: The example of the treatment units are Activated Sludge Plant, Trickling Filter, Rotating Biological Contactors, Oxidation ponds, etc. Anaerobic Treatment: Anaerobic treatment uses the aerobic microbes. The example of anaerobic treatment units are sludge digesters etc.
Activated Sludge Plant
Trickling Filters Rotating Biological Contactors
Oxidation Ponds Anaerobic Treatment (Sludge Digesters)
Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant
Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant
Electrical Systems in a Building
Electricity
Electricity Generation
Electric Generator Electricity is generated from the stored energy of water that makes turbine run and generate electricity. The other method includes fuels (Coal, diesel or gas) to fire boilers and pass stream and generate electricity through generators. Transformer step up several thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts before it is supplied to the transmission lines or cable. By transmitting electricity at high voltages less power is lost in the cables. At the receiving end of voltage is stepped down by transforms in local sub-stations to consumers at 240 volts.

More Related Content

SERVICES

  • 2. What is Plumbing? The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in buildings Or The art and science of installing, repairing and servicing of pipes, fixtures and appurtenances necessary for bringing in water supply, distributing it within and removing the liquid and water- borne wastes It includes fixtures and fixture traps; soil and waste pipes; vent pipes; building drain and building sewer; storm drainage pipes, their devices, appurtenances and connections to all within or adjacent to the building Plumbing has been a part of the human race since the dawn of human civilization. Some civilizations saw very sophisticated systems for their time while the services declined marginally during Earliest plumbing arrangements were unearthed in the Indus Valley Civilization almost 5500years old Another civilization with highly developed plumbing system was the Egyptian civilization and the Romans. Aqueducts were constructed to carry water from sources to houses. Extensive underground sewage systems. Public baths. Sanitary systems declined after the Romans and AD476 and only around the 1500s to 1800s were concerns raised for better sanitary systems!
  • 4. The Basic Plumbing Components of any building: 1. Water supply distributing pipes 2. Fixture and fixture traps 3. Soil, waste and vent pipes 4. Storm water drainage
  • 5. NBC GENERAL REQUIREMENTS for design considerations: Smooth joints Avoid noise transmission Avoid formation of air locks Avoid unsightly arrangement Economy in labour and materials No piping under wastewater pipes Gradual size and direction changes Maximum rate of discharge required Water-tight pipes and pipe-connections No back-flow towards the source of supply Wholesome water supply for drinking and culinary purposes No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery, use feed cistern No cross-connection between pure and contaminated water pipes Sufficient strength of pipes underground or under traffic loads or frost Maintain definite air gap in all appliances (minimum 15 cm or twice pipe bore for storage cisterns) Corrosion protection measures in corrosive environments (e.g. corrosive soils, proximity to electric cables), e.g. exterior CI tubing
  • 6. 3.1.1 Potable Water All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be with supply of potable water. This water supply shall not be connected with unsafe water resources, nor shall it be subject to the hazards of backflow. 3.1.2 Water Provision Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be provided with water in sufficient volume and at pressures adequate to enable them to function and without undue noise under normal conditions of use. There should beat least a residual head of 0.018 N/mm2 at the consumers tap. NOTEThe residual head shall be taken at the highest farthest outlets in the building. 3.1.14 Maintenance Plumbing systems shall be maintained in a safe and serviceable condition. 3.1.15 Accessibility All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be accessible for their intended use and for cleaning. All doors, windows and any other device needing access within the toilet shall be so located that they have proper access.
  • 7. 4.7 Distribution Systems in Multi-Storeyed Buildings 4.7.1 There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a multi-storeyed buildings. 1. Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs and urinals supplied by overhead tanks. 2. Direct Pumping Systems 3. Hydro-Pneumatic Systems 4. Overhead Tanks Distribution 4.7.2 Direct Supply System This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available above two or three floors. 4.7.3 Direct Pumping Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the aid of any overhead tank, except for flushing purposes. The are controlled by a pressure switch installed on the line.
  • 9. 4.7.4 Hydro-Pneumatic Systems Hydro-pneumatic system is a variation of direct pumping system. An air-tight pressure vessel is installed on line to regulate the operation of the pumps. The vessel capacity shall be based on the cut-in and cut- out pressure of the pumping system depending upon allowable start/stops of the pumping system. The system shall have reliable power supply avoid breakdown in the water supply.
  • 10. 4.7.5 over-head Tank Distribution 4.7.5.1 This is the most of the distribution systems adopted by various type of buildings. 4.7.5.2 The system comprises pumping water to one or more overhead tanks placed at the top most location of the hydraulic zone. 4.7.5.3 Water collected in the overhead tank is distributed to the various parts of the building by a set of pipes located generally on the terrace.
  • 11. 3.1.5 Plumbing Fixtures It is recommended that each family dwelling unit should have at least one water closet, one lavatory, one kitchen wash place or a sink, and one bathing wash place or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 3.1.8 Fixture Traps and Vent Pipes Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a liquid seal trap, Trap seals shall be maintained to prevent sewer gas, other potentially dangerous or noxious fumes, or vermin from entering the building. Further, the drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation of air in all pipes with no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use by providing vent pipes throughout the system.
  • 13. 3.1.6 Drainage System The drainage system shall be designed, installed and maintained to guard against fouling, deposit of solids and clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 3.1.9 Foul Air Exhaust Each vent terminal shall extend to the outer air and be so installed as to minimize the possibilities of clogging and the return of foul air to the building, as it conveys potentially noxious or explosive gases to the outside atmosphere. All vent pipes shall be provided with a cowl.
  • 14. Drainage Installation Soil and Waste Drainage System - Two-pipe Ventilated Gravity System - U/G Petrol Interceptor for Carpark - Discharge to Public Foul Water System Storm Water Drainage System - Rain Water Outlet at Roof, Balcony & Canopy - Discharge to Public Storm Water System
  • 15. Sanitary Plumbing System Enclosed in Fire-Rated Service Duct Service duct Sanitary stack Cleaning Eye
  • 16. PLUMBING SYSTEMS SINGLE STACK SYSTEM FULLY VENTILATED STACK SYSTEM ONE PIPE SYSTEM DUAL PIPE SYSTEM MODIFIED SINGLE PIPE SYSTEM
  • 18. Unit Operations The Treatment of wastewater depends upon the impurities present. The impurities present are Physical, Chemical & Biological and accordingly the treatment given are physical, chemical & biological treatments.
  • 19. Sewage Treatment Sr. No. Type of Treatment Type of Treatment Unit Name of the Units Function Type of Impurity Removed. 1 Physical Treatment Physical Screens Large Suspended and Floating Matter Physical Grit Chamber Grit Physical Clarifiers Silt, Sand & Other heavier Matter 2 Chemical Treatment Chemical Chemical Reactors Dissolved Chemicals 3 Biological Treatment Biological Trickling filter Activated Sludge Rotating Biological Contractors Digesters Dissolved Organic Chemicals
  • 21. Sewage Treatment In the above table the Screen, Clarifiers, grit chamber are all physical treatment unit because in all those units the removal of impurities is taking place due to physical processes like Gravity Settling, Mechanical Straining, etc. Mechanical Straining takes place in screens and gravity Settling takes place in Clarifiers. Clarifiers are also known as Sedimentation Basin or Settling tanks.
  • 24. Sewage Treatment The Biological Treatment fully Utilizes the micro organisms for treatment of the wastewater. Depending upon the type of microbes used, the biological treatment is classified as : Aerobic Treatment Using aerobic Organisms: The example of the treatment units are Activated Sludge Plant, Trickling Filter, Rotating Biological Contactors, Oxidation ponds, etc. Anaerobic Treatment: Anaerobic treatment uses the aerobic microbes. The example of anaerobic treatment units are sludge digesters etc.
  • 26. Trickling Filters Rotating Biological Contactors
  • 27. Oxidation Ponds Anaerobic Treatment (Sludge Digesters)
  • 28. Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant
  • 29. Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant
  • 30. Electrical Systems in a Building
  • 33. Electric Generator Electricity is generated from the stored energy of water that makes turbine run and generate electricity. The other method includes fuels (Coal, diesel or gas) to fire boilers and pass stream and generate electricity through generators. Transformer step up several thousands or even hundreds of thousands of volts before it is supplied to the transmission lines or cable. By transmitting electricity at high voltages less power is lost in the cables. At the receiving end of voltage is stepped down by transforms in local sub-stations to consumers at 240 volts.