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Session 4 english orthography

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Early writing systems like Egyptian hieroglyphics and Sumerian cuneiform used pictographs or ideographs to represent words and ideas. The Phoenician alphabet originated around 1500 BC and was one of the first to use letters to represent consonant sounds. The Greek alphabet expanded on this to represent each sound with a single letter, helping form the foundation of the Roman alphabet which added letters and became the most widely used writing system globally. Spelling can be phonetic, semantic, or etymological based on representing sounds, shared meanings, or original word origins respectively.

Pre 1500 BC Pictographic or ideographic 3200 BC Egyptian Hieroglyphics 3300 BC Cuneiform-”wedge-shaped”

Phoenicians 22 letters represented consonant sounds did not include vowels _ _i_ i_ _ _oo_ a_ou_ _i_ _ui_ _i_ _ Th_s _s _ b_ _k _b_ _t l_ng_ _st_ic

Greek 24 letters-each sound represented by a letter Alphabet- alpha and beta Roman V, X, Y Most widely used alphabet in the world

FORCE DEMAND EXAMPLE Phonetic Spell words the way they sound Sit Semantic Spell words alike that share the same meaning Hymn Hymnal Etymological Spell words to reflect their origins One (Old English) Kangaroo (Australian)

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Session 4 english orthography

2. Pre 1500 BC Pictographic or ideographic 3200 BC Egyptian Hieroglyphics 3300 BC Cuneiform-”wedge-shaped”

3. Phoenicians 22 letters represented consonant sounds did not include vowels _ _i_ i_ _ _oo_ a_ou_ _i_ _ui_ _i_ _ Th_s _s _ b_ _k _b_ _t l_ng_ _st_ic

4. Greek 24 letters-each sound represented by a letter Alphabet- alpha and beta Roman V, X, Y Most widely used alphabet in the world

5. FORCE DEMAND EXAMPLE Phonetic Spell words the way they sound Sit Semantic Spell words alike that share the same meaning Hymn Hymnal Etymological Spell words to reflect their origins One (Old English) Kangaroo (Australian)

Editor's Notes

#3: Pictures or symbols that represented ideas; connected to religion or magic; only priest or their scribes could write or interpret the written marks Means “priest writing”; used both pictures and marks that stood for sounds Invented by Sumerians living in Mesopotamia used marks to record the number of different kinds of items traded (merchants) could be read by people who spoke other languages; pictures and abstract symbols. Early writing systems were fairly easy to read as long as the symbols were not too abstract. Writing communicated ideas directly. Difficult for writers- had to learn a picture or symbol for each thing or idea. Was replaced by alphabetic system-indirectly communicates letters represent sounds of words that in turn represent things or ideas eaiser to learn-small number of letters and letters can be combined in different ways to produce any word. Limitation-can only be understood by speakers of that language.
#5: Greeks developed alphabet that included both consonants and vowels; based on Phoenician system; used letters that represented sounds that were not part of Greek to represent vowel sounds then added letters to represent sounds in Greek not present in Phoenician. Alphabet comes from the 1 st and 2 nd letters of the Greek writing system Romans based their alphabet on the Greek added letters such as v, x, y to represent sounds in Latin that were not in Greek
#6: English spelling system is a complex system based on 3 factors. Phonetics-spells a given sound consistently, semantic-words that come from the same root and share the same meaning should be spelled the same way; etymological-words should reflect their historical background. Most words are spelled the way they sound. Children who spell words the way they sound get many words right. However, spelling signals meaning, not just sound. English has many words that sound the same but have different meaning. Alternate ways of spelling a sound allows writers to share meaning through their spelling.