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ShanghaiSmartCities2014 141016

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Richard Di Bona
Richard Di Bona

This document discusses smart transport solutions for smart cities. It begins by introducing the authors and their consulting firm, which has over 20 years of experience in transport projects. The document then critiques traditional approaches to public transport planning, which focus on infrastructure but overlook the passenger experience. It argues for a new approach called Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), which would provide direct, non-stop point-to-point travel in individual automated vehicles on an elevated guided network. This would offer passengers a more convenient and reliable experience without the need to transfer or interact with strangers. The document also discusses how PRT aligns with the needs of transport operators and cities by being affordable and easy to implement while reducing congestion.

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Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 1 Wilkie Lam BSc, MSc, CEng, MICE, MHKIE, CMILT Managing Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, wilkie@lla.com.hk Dr. Thomas Huang BSc, MSc General Manager, LLA (Shanghai) Consultancy Ltd, thomas.huang@llashanghai.com.cn Richard Di Bona BA(Hons), MSc, MBA, CMILT, MCIHT Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, richard@lla.com.hk 2014 Smart City Expo & Congress Shanghai, China, 16-18 October 2014 Smart Transport for Smart Cities
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 2 Introduction ?Hong Kong practice established in 1996 ?China practice (ÀïÀïͨ) established in 2002 ?Over 1000 transport-related projects for various clients including the SAR Government, quasi-government organisations, major property developers, contractors, etc. ?ISO 9001:2008 certified.
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 3 20 Years¡¯ International Experience ?Our Projects
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 4 Partners ?Clients ?Real Estate ?Architect
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 5 Latest Technologies and Trends
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 6 New Highlights of Smart Transport Electronic Car Plate Electronic Road Pricing System Smart Reversible Lanes Smart Crosswalk Smart GPS Warning System of Traffic Safety
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 7 Smart Parking System Searching, Booking Smart GPS Identifying , Entering Parking Remote Payment Smart GPS Before Parking Parking Leaving Indoor Positioning System Indoor Positioning System
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 8 Micro Simulation ?Plan Testing Before Construction During Construction ?Pedestrian Simulation of Retail Retail Distribution Pedestrian Distribution
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 9 Problems with Current Transport Planning Approaches
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 10 Challenges: The Motor Car ? From 1960-2002: real income growth 2.0% p.a. cars per capita growth 4.6% p.a. (Dargay, J., Gately, D. & Sommer, M. Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide: 1960-2030, Energy Journal, 2007, Vol. 28, No. 4) ? Compound growth: 130% income; 560% cars per capita ? Then add to this population growth ? Despite massive investments in public transport ? CapEx & OpEx
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 11
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 12 A Need to Critique Standard Practice Standard practice has NOT solved traffic congestion ? Let alone delivered ¡°smart solutions for smart cities¡± New thinking and new approaches are necessary
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 13 Functional Road Hierarchy Trunk Routes: ? Higher speed & capacity ? For longer distances ? Higher Speeds Distributors: ? Between trunk & local roads Local Roads: ? Low speeds ? In/around neighbourhoods
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 14 Traditional Public Transport Hierarchy Heavy Rail: ? Commuter Rail ? Metro Intermediate: ? LRT or Monorail ? Bus Rapid Transit Local: ? Bus ? Minibus
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 15 Issues with Public Transport Hierarchy For driving, a Functional Road Hierarchy makes sense: ? It is quite easy to drive from one road to another (congestion permitting) ¨C no need to change vehicle But on Public Transport, passengers must physically interchange between services: ? Time consuming ? Inconvenient ? Adds uncertainty to journey time ? Passengers may not have a seat on the next leg ? There may be substantial distances to walk/ roads to cross
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 16 Issues with Interchange
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 17 Why Buses Can Be Good (or Not) ? With good bus networks, travellers sometimes prefer bus: ? Point-to-point journeys possible; no need to interchange ? However, buses get caught up in congestion ? So journey times less reliable
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 18 Is Bus Priority (or BRT) the Answer? ? Takes capacity away from other road users ? Can intensify congestion and emissions ? So might lead to more scarce land being used to reinstate road capacity ? But the costs of this seldom considered
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 19 How Do Cities Plan Public Transport? ? Due to the scale of investment and works required for mass transit, a strategic view is usually taken ? This approach is infrastructure-focussed ? Aligns with how infrastructure engineers think ? But for the passenger/ customer, the experience can be quite different ? Many hassles faced by passengers are overlooked in the strategic planning of infrastructure
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 20 Origin Destination Public Transport Trip: Strategic View
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 21 Origin Destination Journey Broken Down into Stages Which is the weakest link? Uncertainty at every stage. Compound uncertainty worse. Do not overlook any stage!
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 22 Walking is Not Always Easy! What about: ? The elderly? ? Disabled? ? With young children? ? Heavy shopping bags? ? In bad weather?
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 23 Waiting ? Uncertainty: increases with interchange ? Comfort, safety, security of facilities ¨C and bad weather?
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 24 Onboard: Comfort, Crowding, etc ? Crowding ? Comfort: getting a seat? Temperature ? Security news.bbc.co.uk www.straitstimes.com news.com.au
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 25 Feeders ¨C Journey Time Reliability www.unblockcambridge.com author¡¯s photo author¡¯s photo author¡¯s photo
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 26 A New Way Forward: Personal Rapid Transit
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 27 What is Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)? ? Automated guideway transit system ? Vehicles for an individual or small group (family or friends) travelling together ? On a segregated network ? Trips are non-stop without transfers ? All stations are on bypasses ? No interference with mainline traffic
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 28 What does Personal Rapid Transit Offer? ? No travelling with strangers: Sense of security ? Stations can be spaced far more closely than metro ? Point-to-point journeys: ? No transfers between lines needed ? Mass customisation ? Likely quicker journeys for passengers: ? No intermediate stopping ? Service available on demand, minimal wait
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 29 Smart Transport for Smart Cities What would the key features be for ¡°Smart Transport for Smart Cities¡±? Three perspectives: ? The passenger perspective: the customer ? The operator (developer) perspective ? The city¡¯s perspective: government, social, environmental
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 30 Smart City Transport: Passenger Perspectives ? Accessible, especially for those with children, luggage, the mobility impaired, etc; with minimal road crossings ? Provide reliable information on journey times ? Comfortable, convenient, safe, secure, affordable ? Like car without the hassle of parking or congestion ? Like taxi without the hassle of finding one ? Public transport without crowding, strangers, interchange or inconvenient service schedules ? Personalised: ¡°mass customisation¡±
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 31 Smart City Transport: Operator Perspective ? Reliable and robust systems: good automation ? Easy to manage: ? Reduced reliance of factors beyond immediate control (e.g. issue metro operators face with bus feeders) ? Affordable and quick to build ? Cheap to operate ? Offers adequate capacity and flexibility to add or alter routes (a current advantage of bus over rail) ? Ideally, profitable to implement and operate
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 32 Smart City Transport: City Perspective ? Affordable for cities: ? Minimise CapEx requirements ? Reduce or eliminate OpEx subsidies (ideally profitable?) ? Easy to implement ? Modest space-take; minimal take of ground level space ? Able to fit/ retrofit into small areas ? Quick to implement ? System attractive to users: ? Makes investment worthwhile ? Can have a real impact on traffic congestion ? And so can help ¡°green¡± the city
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 33 LLA¡¯s Experience with Personal Rapid Transit ? LLA has been following Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) for more than 10 years ? We have reviewed a number of systems ? Some are better than others ? A critical difference is between heavy, supported PRT¡¯s and lightweight suspended PRT¡¯s Heavy, Supported PRT Lightweight, Suspended PRT
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 34 Issues with Heavy Supported PRT Systems ? Maximum gradient (of best-in-class) = 10%. So either: ? Wholly elevated: expensive; accessibility issues for stations; ? At street-level: substantial land-take and interference with pedestrians and street traffic; or, ? Elevated track with very long ramps for street-level stations ? Systems become more expensive and visually intrusive ? Harder to fit/ retrofit into urban environments ? Fewer stations possible per km of track
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 35 The Need for a Light, Suspended PRT Solution LLA prefers lightweight, suspended PRT: ? Maximum ramp gradient = 45 degrees. Turning radius = 3m ? Main track 5-15m above ground, with street-level stops: ? Minimises ground level space-take ? Allows good accessibility for mobility impaired ? Does not interfere with road traffic or pedestrians ? Can easily be fitted/ retrofitted into urban spaces ? Modular track design enables rapid construction ? Can have stations 200m apart; and on either side of road
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 37 ? Capacity for five people, or two with bicycles, those with shopping bags, pushchairs, wheelchairs (level boarding) ? Cornering: swivel suspension means that no super-elevation (cost) of track is required. Journeys are comfortable ? Offers real-time journey information ? Reliable journey times Aboard the PRT
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 39 ? Due to cost of traditional LRT, monorail, metro systems, often there are relatively few lines ? But a grid of lightweight, suspended PRT tracks is possible: ? Spreads demand across the network ? Increased boarding/ alighting capacity per unit area ? Decreases walk-in distances ? 500m grid results in most destinations under 200m from a stop ? More point-to-point journeys: improved market penetration ? Property development benefits would be more widespread, covering larger areas of a city than possible with metro stations 1-2km apart Developing an Urban Grid
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 40 Metro: Stations Spaced at 2000m Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 41 Metro: Stations Spaced at 1000m Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 42 One Line of PRT Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 43 PRT with 1000-metre grid Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 44 PRT with 500-metre grid Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 45 Comparison of Area Coverage % of Area within Station Catchment Area Metro Spaced at 2000m Metro Spaced at 1000m PRT: One Line PRT: 1000m Grid PRT: 500m Grid Within 50m 0.3% 0.5% 2% 6% 10% Within 200m 4% 7% 19% 61% 96% Within 300m 9% 16% 31% 82% 100% Within 500m 25% 44% 54% 100% 100% Beyond 500m 75% 56% 46% 0% 0% Track km (Two-way) 2km 2km 2km 8km 16km Likely Capital Cost ?2,000m ?2,000m <?100m <?400m <?750m Grids of PRT offer Smart Cities an effective, efficient and Smart transport system
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 46 Take Advantage of the Cost Difference Capital Costs (RMBm/km) Capacity (passengers/ hour/direction) Capacity per RMBm System Range Say (A) Range Say (B) (B) ¡Â (A) Heavy Metro ?320-1600m ?960m 30-90,000 60,000 63 Light Metro ?240-560m ?400m 10-40,000 25,000 63 LRT ?80-560m ?320m 5-40,000 23,000 72 Tram ?40-200m ?120m 2.5-20,000 11,000 92 Monorail ?210-610m ?410m 1-15,000 8,000 20 PRT ?30¨C60m ?45m 8,250 8,250 183 Note: Cheaper LRTs &Trams are street-level systems (interfering with traffic) ? PRT has a tremendous capital cost advantage over alternatives ? Offers tremendous cost effectiveness, relative to alternatives
Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 47 Any queries, please contact us Booth 3D69 LLA HK ÀïÀïͨ£¨ÉϺ££© lla@lla.com.hk lla@llashanghai.com.cn richard@lla.com.hk thomas.huang@llashanghai.com.cn Our Website : www.lla.com.hk www.llashanghai.com.cn Thank You!

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ShanghaiSmartCities2014 141016

  • 1. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 1 Wilkie Lam BSc, MSc, CEng, MICE, MHKIE, CMILT Managing Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, wilkie@lla.com.hk Dr. Thomas Huang BSc, MSc General Manager, LLA (Shanghai) Consultancy Ltd, thomas.huang@llashanghai.com.cn Richard Di Bona BA(Hons), MSc, MBA, CMILT, MCIHT Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, richard@lla.com.hk 2014 Smart City Expo & Congress Shanghai, China, 16-18 October 2014 Smart Transport for Smart Cities
  • 2. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 2 Introduction ?Hong Kong practice established in 1996 ?China practice (ÀïÀïͨ) established in 2002 ?Over 1000 transport-related projects for various clients including the SAR Government, quasi-government organisations, major property developers, contractors, etc. ?ISO 9001:2008 certified.
  • 3. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 3 20 Years¡¯ International Experience ?Our Projects
  • 4. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 4 Partners ?Clients ?Real Estate ?Architect
  • 5. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 5 Latest Technologies and Trends
  • 6. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 6 New Highlights of Smart Transport Electronic Car Plate Electronic Road Pricing System Smart Reversible Lanes Smart Crosswalk Smart GPS Warning System of Traffic Safety
  • 7. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 7 Smart Parking System Searching, Booking Smart GPS Identifying , Entering Parking Remote Payment Smart GPS Before Parking Parking Leaving Indoor Positioning System Indoor Positioning System
  • 8. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 8 Micro Simulation ?Plan Testing Before Construction During Construction ?Pedestrian Simulation of Retail Retail Distribution Pedestrian Distribution
  • 9. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 9 Problems with Current Transport Planning Approaches
  • 10. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 10 Challenges: The Motor Car ? From 1960-2002: real income growth 2.0% p.a. cars per capita growth 4.6% p.a. (Dargay, J., Gately, D. & Sommer, M. Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide: 1960-2030, Energy Journal, 2007, Vol. 28, No. 4) ? Compound growth: 130% income; 560% cars per capita ? Then add to this population growth ? Despite massive investments in public transport ? CapEx & OpEx
  • 11. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 11
  • 12. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 12 A Need to Critique Standard Practice Standard practice has NOT solved traffic congestion ? Let alone delivered ¡°smart solutions for smart cities¡± New thinking and new approaches are necessary
  • 13. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 13 Functional Road Hierarchy Trunk Routes: ? Higher speed & capacity ? For longer distances ? Higher Speeds Distributors: ? Between trunk & local roads Local Roads: ? Low speeds ? In/around neighbourhoods
  • 14. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 14 Traditional Public Transport Hierarchy Heavy Rail: ? Commuter Rail ? Metro Intermediate: ? LRT or Monorail ? Bus Rapid Transit Local: ? Bus ? Minibus
  • 15. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 15 Issues with Public Transport Hierarchy For driving, a Functional Road Hierarchy makes sense: ? It is quite easy to drive from one road to another (congestion permitting) ¨C no need to change vehicle But on Public Transport, passengers must physically interchange between services: ? Time consuming ? Inconvenient ? Adds uncertainty to journey time ? Passengers may not have a seat on the next leg ? There may be substantial distances to walk/ roads to cross
  • 16. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 16 Issues with Interchange
  • 17. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 17 Why Buses Can Be Good (or Not) ? With good bus networks, travellers sometimes prefer bus: ? Point-to-point journeys possible; no need to interchange ? However, buses get caught up in congestion ? So journey times less reliable
  • 18. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 18 Is Bus Priority (or BRT) the Answer? ? Takes capacity away from other road users ? Can intensify congestion and emissions ? So might lead to more scarce land being used to reinstate road capacity ? But the costs of this seldom considered
  • 19. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 19 How Do Cities Plan Public Transport? ? Due to the scale of investment and works required for mass transit, a strategic view is usually taken ? This approach is infrastructure-focussed ? Aligns with how infrastructure engineers think ? But for the passenger/ customer, the experience can be quite different ? Many hassles faced by passengers are overlooked in the strategic planning of infrastructure
  • 20. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 20 Origin Destination Public Transport Trip: Strategic View
  • 21. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 21 Origin Destination Journey Broken Down into Stages Which is the weakest link? Uncertainty at every stage. Compound uncertainty worse. Do not overlook any stage!
  • 22. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 22 Walking is Not Always Easy! What about: ? The elderly? ? Disabled? ? With young children? ? Heavy shopping bags? ? In bad weather?
  • 23. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 23 Waiting ? Uncertainty: increases with interchange ? Comfort, safety, security of facilities ¨C and bad weather?
  • 24. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 24 Onboard: Comfort, Crowding, etc ? Crowding ? Comfort: getting a seat? Temperature ? Security news.bbc.co.uk www.straitstimes.com news.com.au
  • 25. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 25 Feeders ¨C Journey Time Reliability www.unblockcambridge.com author¡¯s photo author¡¯s photo author¡¯s photo
  • 26. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 26 A New Way Forward: Personal Rapid Transit
  • 27. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 27 What is Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)? ? Automated guideway transit system ? Vehicles for an individual or small group (family or friends) travelling together ? On a segregated network ? Trips are non-stop without transfers ? All stations are on bypasses ? No interference with mainline traffic
  • 28. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 28 What does Personal Rapid Transit Offer? ? No travelling with strangers: Sense of security ? Stations can be spaced far more closely than metro ? Point-to-point journeys: ? No transfers between lines needed ? Mass customisation ? Likely quicker journeys for passengers: ? No intermediate stopping ? Service available on demand, minimal wait
  • 29. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 29 Smart Transport for Smart Cities What would the key features be for ¡°Smart Transport for Smart Cities¡±? Three perspectives: ? The passenger perspective: the customer ? The operator (developer) perspective ? The city¡¯s perspective: government, social, environmental
  • 30. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 30 Smart City Transport: Passenger Perspectives ? Accessible, especially for those with children, luggage, the mobility impaired, etc; with minimal road crossings ? Provide reliable information on journey times ? Comfortable, convenient, safe, secure, affordable ? Like car without the hassle of parking or congestion ? Like taxi without the hassle of finding one ? Public transport without crowding, strangers, interchange or inconvenient service schedules ? Personalised: ¡°mass customisation¡±
  • 31. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 31 Smart City Transport: Operator Perspective ? Reliable and robust systems: good automation ? Easy to manage: ? Reduced reliance of factors beyond immediate control (e.g. issue metro operators face with bus feeders) ? Affordable and quick to build ? Cheap to operate ? Offers adequate capacity and flexibility to add or alter routes (a current advantage of bus over rail) ? Ideally, profitable to implement and operate
  • 32. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 32 Smart City Transport: City Perspective ? Affordable for cities: ? Minimise CapEx requirements ? Reduce or eliminate OpEx subsidies (ideally profitable?) ? Easy to implement ? Modest space-take; minimal take of ground level space ? Able to fit/ retrofit into small areas ? Quick to implement ? System attractive to users: ? Makes investment worthwhile ? Can have a real impact on traffic congestion ? And so can help ¡°green¡± the city
  • 33. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 33 LLA¡¯s Experience with Personal Rapid Transit ? LLA has been following Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) for more than 10 years ? We have reviewed a number of systems ? Some are better than others ? A critical difference is between heavy, supported PRT¡¯s and lightweight suspended PRT¡¯s Heavy, Supported PRT Lightweight, Suspended PRT
  • 34. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 34 Issues with Heavy Supported PRT Systems ? Maximum gradient (of best-in-class) = 10%. So either: ? Wholly elevated: expensive; accessibility issues for stations; ? At street-level: substantial land-take and interference with pedestrians and street traffic; or, ? Elevated track with very long ramps for street-level stations ? Systems become more expensive and visually intrusive ? Harder to fit/ retrofit into urban environments ? Fewer stations possible per km of track
  • 35. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 35 The Need for a Light, Suspended PRT Solution LLA prefers lightweight, suspended PRT: ? Maximum ramp gradient = 45 degrees. Turning radius = 3m ? Main track 5-15m above ground, with street-level stops: ? Minimises ground level space-take ? Allows good accessibility for mobility impaired ? Does not interfere with road traffic or pedestrians ? Can easily be fitted/ retrofitted into urban spaces ? Modular track design enables rapid construction ? Can have stations 200m apart; and on either side of road
  • 36. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 37 ? Capacity for five people, or two with bicycles, those with shopping bags, pushchairs, wheelchairs (level boarding) ? Cornering: swivel suspension means that no super-elevation (cost) of track is required. Journeys are comfortable ? Offers real-time journey information ? Reliable journey times Aboard the PRT
  • 37. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 39 ? Due to cost of traditional LRT, monorail, metro systems, often there are relatively few lines ? But a grid of lightweight, suspended PRT tracks is possible: ? Spreads demand across the network ? Increased boarding/ alighting capacity per unit area ? Decreases walk-in distances ? 500m grid results in most destinations under 200m from a stop ? More point-to-point journeys: improved market penetration ? Property development benefits would be more widespread, covering larger areas of a city than possible with metro stations 1-2km apart Developing an Urban Grid
  • 38. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 40 Metro: Stations Spaced at 2000m Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
  • 39. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 41 Metro: Stations Spaced at 1000m Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
  • 40. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 42 One Line of PRT Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
  • 41. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 43 PRT with 1000-metre grid Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
  • 42. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 44 PRT with 500-metre grid Within 50m Within 200m Within 300m Within 500m2km x 2km area:
  • 43. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 45 Comparison of Area Coverage % of Area within Station Catchment Area Metro Spaced at 2000m Metro Spaced at 1000m PRT: One Line PRT: 1000m Grid PRT: 500m Grid Within 50m 0.3% 0.5% 2% 6% 10% Within 200m 4% 7% 19% 61% 96% Within 300m 9% 16% 31% 82% 100% Within 500m 25% 44% 54% 100% 100% Beyond 500m 75% 56% 46% 0% 0% Track km (Two-way) 2km 2km 2km 8km 16km Likely Capital Cost ?2,000m ?2,000m <?100m <?400m <?750m Grids of PRT offer Smart Cities an effective, efficient and Smart transport system
  • 44. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 46 Take Advantage of the Cost Difference Capital Costs (RMBm/km) Capacity (passengers/ hour/direction) Capacity per RMBm System Range Say (A) Range Say (B) (B) ¡Â (A) Heavy Metro ?320-1600m ?960m 30-90,000 60,000 63 Light Metro ?240-560m ?400m 10-40,000 25,000 63 LRT ?80-560m ?320m 5-40,000 23,000 72 Tram ?40-200m ?120m 2.5-20,000 11,000 92 Monorail ?210-610m ?410m 1-15,000 8,000 20 PRT ?30¨C60m ?45m 8,250 8,250 183 Note: Cheaper LRTs &Trams are street-level systems (interfering with traffic) ? PRT has a tremendous capital cost advantage over alternatives ? Offers tremendous cost effectiveness, relative to alternatives
  • 45. Lam, Huang, Di BonaSmart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 47 Any queries, please contact us Booth 3D69 LLA HK ÀïÀïͨ£¨ÉϺ££© lla@lla.com.hk lla@llashanghai.com.cn richard@lla.com.hk thomas.huang@llashanghai.com.cn Our Website : www.lla.com.hk www.llashanghai.com.cn Thank You!