The document discusses the development of the nervous system. It describes how in the third week the dorsal primitive line forms and the neural tube, notochord (cartilage skeleton), and crista neuralis develop. The neural plate, groove, and tube form between days 15-21. The neural crest cells separate from the neural tube and migrate throughout the embryo. The neural tube differentiates into the anterior two-thirds encephalon and posterior one-third medulla spinalis. The cranial and caudal neuropores close on days 25 and 27-28 respectively. Precisely defined nerve pathways develop in the limbs.
26. 26
MYELİNİZASYON
• MS TRAKTUSLARINDA 4.AYDA
BAŞLAR,9.AYDA TAMAMLANIR
• ANA MOTOR YOLLAR 2 YAŞINDA
TAMAMLANIR
• SEREBELLUM VE SEREBRUMDA İSE
BLÜĞ ÇAĞINDA TAMAMLANIR.
27. • NÖRAL BORUNUN ÇOK KATLI EPİTELE
FARKLILAŞMASI
-NÖROEPİTEL HÜCRELERİ KÖK HÜCRELERİDİR
-NÖROEPİTEL HÜCRELERİ BÖLÜNEREK NÖROBLAST VE
GLİYOBLASTLARA FARKLILAŞIR
• -NÖROBLASTLAR VE GLİYOBLASTLAR PİYAMATERİN
ÜSTÜNDEKİ BAZAL LAMİNAYA DOĞRU RADİYER OLARAK
GÖÇ EDERER VE ÇOK KAYLI EPİTEL ÖZELLİĞİ ORTAYA
ÇIKAR KALINLIĞI BÖLGESEL HÜCRE BİRİKİMLERİ İLE
FARKLIDIR
- EPENDİMAL HÜCRELER EPİTELOİD HÜCRELERDİR KOROİD
PLEKSÜSÜSNÜ YAPARAK SSS YI SALGILAR
44. FİBROBLAST BÜYÜME FAKTÖRÜ (FGF)
HEDGEHOG PROTEİNLERİ SONİC HEDGEHOG(SHH)
Wnt ailesi salgılanmış glikoproteinler
Dönüştürücü büyüme faktörü beta(TGFb) süper ailesi
Aktivin,kemik biçimlendirici protein(BMP),VG1
AİLESİ ,Nodal
45. Nerve Pathways are Precisely Defined
Figure Shows nerve pathways in left & right chick limbs
Near perfect mirror-image symmetry
Thus, neurons follow precisely defined paths
49. Inhibition of either F-Actin or microtubules inhibits neurulation
F-Actin acts like purse strings to pull apex of cell
Microtubules elongate cell to give it polarity for movement
Induction of Neural Tissue by Chordamesoderm
During gastrulation special region of mesoderm underlies overlying
ectoderm
Chordamesoderm is future notochord
50. The Primary Germ Layers
The following diagram shows the general arrangement of tissues in a
cross-section of the human embryo after gastrulation. During
gastrulation the chordamesoderm projected through the primitive node
by convergent extension as the notochordal process. After gastrulation,
three germ layers are evident: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. After
forming, the notochordal process then embedded within the endoderm as
shown in the following figure. As neurulation progresses, the
chordamesoderm will again separate out as the presumptive notochord.
51. Notochord Formation
At this point the presumptive notochordal tissue will separate from the
endoderm and re-organize as the notochord below the neural ectoderm as
the neural ectoderm begins folding to form the neural tube.
Folding of the neural ectoderm results in the neural tube
The neural tube is the precursor of the brain & spinal cord
52. Bottle Cells
Bottle cells appear at time of neurulation
Change in shape of epithelial to bottle cell is one of driving forces for
event
Cytoskeletal changes lead to bottle cell shape
Microfilaments (F-actin) at apex
Microtubules down long axis of cell
57. Late Neurula
Neural Tube: One layer of cells surrounding a lumen & covered by
external limiting membrane
Neural Crest have separated out--begun to migrate
Neural Tube thickens & folds to form brain
New layers of nerve cells will appear in brain & spinal cord
58. TThhee NNeeuurraall CCrreesstt:: FFrroomm
PPiiggmmeennttaattiioonn ttoo CCrraanniiooffaacciiaall
DDeeffeeccttss
Formation of the Neural Crest: An Epithelial-Mesenchymal
Transformation
Transcription Factors Mediate Neural Crest Delamination
Losing Contact and Finding Their Way Home
SEM of Neural Crest
Neural Crest Cells Migrate Through the Embryo
Major Derivatives of the Neural Crest
Migration of the Neural Crest
N-CAM: Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule
Factors That Guide Neural Crest Cells
Regulation of Neural Crest Cells Fate
Differentiation of Trunk Neural Crest Cells
59. Formation of Neural Crest: An Epithelial-Mesenchymal
Transformation
Because they play such an important part in embryonic development and
because they contribute so many different cell types to the developing
embryo, the neural crest is considered by some to be the fourth germ
layer. The neural crest cells are interesting because they will form many
critical cell & tissue types and certain cancers and other problems are
associated with them. While little is known about the migration of neural
crest in humans, the situation has been well studied in frogs, birds and
more recently in mammals.
Prior to their departure
from the neural tube neural
crest cells exist as part of
an epithelium. First they
must digest the
extracellular basal lamina
(shown in grey), a process
that involve matrix
metallo-proteinases
(MMPs). After leaving
60. “Fig. 1. Development of βgal expression in dorsal regions of WlacZ/+
embryos. (A) Low-power view through the trunk section of an E9.5
embryo. (B) High-power view reveals faint βgal+ cells (arrow) within
the dorsal midline at E9.5. (C) Low-power view through the trunk at the
level of the forelimb of an E10.5 embryo. (D) High-power view of the
dorsal midline reveals strong βgal+ cells (filled arrow) on the dorsal
midline of the NT. (E) High-power view of the ectoderm reveals strong
βgal+ cells (filled arrows). There are also βgal+ cells in ventrolateral
regions of the NT and surrounding it (open arrows in C and E). ect,
ectoderm. Scale bars: 250 μm in A,C; 50 μm in B,D,E.)”
105. Neuropilin 1 signaling guides neural crest cells to coordinate pathway choice with cell specification. Schwarz Q, Maden CH, Vieira JM, Ruhrberg C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2009 Mar 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19325129 | PMCID: PMC2661313 | PNAS Link
Neuropilin 1 signaling guides
neural crest cells to coordinate
pathway choice with cell
specification. Schwarz Q, Maden
CH, Vieira JM, Ruhrberg C. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 26.
[Epub ahead of print