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The document defines hypophosphatemia and its severity levels. Mild to moderate hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic, while major clinical issues occur with severe hypophosphatemia below 1 mg/dL. Treatment aims to correct the underlying cause, with oral phosphate supplementation for mild cases and intravenous treatment for very severe cases below 1 mg/dL. The guidelines provide dosing recommendations for oral and intravenous phosphate repletion based on serum phosphate levels and symptoms.

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Hypophosphatemia By Dr: Ismail Fahmy
Definition ï‚— Normal range = 2.5-4.5 mg/dL or 0.81-1.45 mmol/L ï‚— Hypophosphatemia is defined as: ï‚— Mild 2-2.5 mg/dL, or 0.65-0.81 mmol/L ï‚— Moderate 1-2 mg/dL, or 0.32-0.65 mmol/L ï‚— Severe < 1 mg/dL, or0.32 mmol/L ï‚— Mild to moderately severe hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic. ï‚— Major clinical sequelae occurs in severe hypophosphatemia. ï‚— As in the case of other intracellular ions (e.g, K, Mag), a decrease in the level of serum phosphate should be distinguished from a decrease in total body storage of phosphate (phosphate deficiency).
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TREATMENT ï‚— Symptoms of hypophosphatemia rarely occur unless the serum phosphate concentration is less than 2 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L). ï‚— Furthermore, the serious symptoms such as muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis are not seen until the serum phosphate concentration falls below 1 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L) ï‚— For these reasons, most hypophosphatemic patients will not require therapy other than that aimed at the underlying cause. As examples:
ï‚— Hypophosphatemia occurring during the correction of diabetic ketoacidosis will correct spontaneously with normal dietary intake. ï‚— Trials of routine phosphate supplementation have not shown benefit, but such therapy may be warranted in patients with severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia.
ï‚— Patients who have hypophosphatemia due to gastrointestinal losses should correct spontaneously once there is resolution of the underlying cause (eg, diarrhea, chronic antacid therapy, or vitamin D deficiency which should be treated with vitamin D supplementation). ï‚— Recommended initial daily vitamin D supplementation is 800 units/day, but more may be required. Patients taking drugs that increase the hepatic metabolism of calcidiol may require as much as 4000 units/day
ï‚— Phosphate repletion regimens ï‚— Our approach to phosphate repletion takes into account the serum phosphate concentration, the presence or absence of overt symptoms of hypophosphatemia, and whether the patient can take oral therapy. ï‚— If possible, we prefer oral rather than intravenous phosphate therapy, since intravenous repletion can lead to hyperphosphatemia that may result in serious complications such as hypocalcemia, acute kidney injury, and arrhythmias. ï‚—We suggest the following approach:
ï‚— In asymptomatic patients with a serum phosphate less than 2.0 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L), we give oral phosphate therapy since many of these patients have myopathy and weakness that are not clinically apparent.
ï‚— The treatment of symptomatic patients varies with the severity of the hypophosphatemia: ï‚— We treat with oral phosphate if the serum phosphate is 1.0 to 1.9 mg/dL (0.32 to0.63 mmol/L). ï‚— We treat with intravenous phosphate if the serum phosphate is less than 1.0 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L), and switch to oral replacement when the serum phosphate exceeds 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L).
ï‚— We stop phosphate repletion when the serum phosphate is greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L) unless there is an indication for chronic therapy such as persistent urinary phosphate wasting. ï‚— Oral repletion is most often achieved with a combined preparation of sodium and potassium phosphate; sodium phosphate is preferred for intravenous therapy.
ï‚— Oral dosing ï‚— When oral dosing is used, we initiate therapy with 30 to 80 millimoles (mmol) of phosphate per day in divided doses. ï‚— Phosphate may also be supplemented with skim milk, which contains approximately 15 mmol of phosphate per 480 mL serving.
ï‚— The following regimen is a reasonable approach : ï‚— If the serum phosphorous is greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L), 1 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (minimum of 40 mmol and a maximum of 80 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period. ï‚— If the serum phosphorous is less than 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L), 1.3 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (up to a maximum of 100 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period.
ï‚— Severely obese patients may receive the maximal initial doses or an adjusted dose based upon their height and weight . ï‚— Patients with a reduced glomerular filtration rate should receive approximately one-half of the suggested initial dose
serum phosphorous give greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L) 1 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (minimum of 40 mmol and a maximum of 80 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period. less than 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L) 1.3 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (up to a maximum of 100 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period
ï‚— The serum phosphate concentration should be rechecked two to twelve hours following the last of the divided doses to determine whether repeated doses are required. If so, the same approach may be reapplied. ï‚— Oral phosphate supplements (tablets and powders) contain varying ratios of sodium and potassium phosphate. Serious medication errors have occurred due to confusion among preparations and lack of uniformity of units on product labels and when ordering. ï‚— Thus, an oral phosphate supplement should be selected with consideration of its potassium and sodium content and dosed according to millimoles of phosphate. Commonly used oral phosphate supplements include 250 mg (8 mmol) of phosphate per tablet.
ï‚— Intravenous dosing ï‚— Intravenous phosphate is potentially dangerous, since it can precipitate with calcium and produce a variety of adverse effects including hypocalcemia due to binding of calcium, renal failure due to calcium phosphate precipitation in the kidneys, and possibly fatal arrhythmias. ï‚— If intravenous therapy is necessary in patients with severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia or an inability to take oral therapy, we suggest a dose that varies depending upon the severity of the hypophosphatemia and the weight of the patient. We suggest the following regimen :
ï‚— If the serum phosphate concentration is greater than or equal to 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L), we give 0.0 8 to 0.24 mmol/kg over six hours (up to a maximum total dose of 30 mmol). ï‚— If the serum phosphate concentration is less than 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L), we give 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/kg over 8 to 12 hours (up to a maximum total dose of 80 mmol).
serum phosphorous give greater than or equal to 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L) we give 0.08 to 0.24 mmol/kg over six hours (up to a maximum total dose of 30 mmol). is less than 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L) we give 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/kg over 8 to 12 hours (up to a maximum total dose of 80 mmol).
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  • 2. Hypophosphatemia By Dr: Ismail Fahmy
  • 3. Definition ï‚— Normal range = 2.5-4.5 mg/dL or 0.81-1.45 mmol/L ï‚— Hypophosphatemia is defined as: ï‚— Mild 2-2.5 mg/dL, or 0.65-0.81 mmol/L ï‚— Moderate 1-2 mg/dL, or 0.32-0.65 mmol/L ï‚— Severe < 1 mg/dL, or0.32 mmol/L ï‚— Mild to moderately severe hypophosphatemia is usually asymptomatic. ï‚— Major clinical sequelae occurs in severe hypophosphatemia. ï‚— As in the case of other intracellular ions (e.g, K, Mag), a decrease in the level of serum phosphate should be distinguished from a decrease in total body storage of phosphate (phosphate deficiency).
  • 5. TREATMENT ï‚— Symptoms of hypophosphatemia rarely occur unless the serum phosphate concentration is less than 2 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L). ï‚— Furthermore, the serious symptoms such as muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis are not seen until the serum phosphate concentration falls below 1 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L) ï‚— For these reasons, most hypophosphatemic patients will not require therapy other than that aimed at the underlying cause. As examples:
  • 6. ï‚— Hypophosphatemia occurring during the correction of diabetic ketoacidosis will correct spontaneously with normal dietary intake. ï‚— Trials of routine phosphate supplementation have not shown benefit, but such therapy may be warranted in patients with severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia.
  • 7. ï‚— Patients who have hypophosphatemia due to gastrointestinal losses should correct spontaneously once there is resolution of the underlying cause (eg, diarrhea, chronic antacid therapy, or vitamin D deficiency which should be treated with vitamin D supplementation). ï‚— Recommended initial daily vitamin D supplementation is 800 units/day, but more may be required. Patients taking drugs that increase the hepatic metabolism of calcidiol may require as much as 4000 units/day
  • 8. ï‚— Phosphate repletion regimens ï‚— Our approach to phosphate repletion takes into account the serum phosphate concentration, the presence or absence of overt symptoms of hypophosphatemia, and whether the patient can take oral therapy. ï‚— If possible, we prefer oral rather than intravenous phosphate therapy, since intravenous repletion can lead to hyperphosphatemia that may result in serious complications such as hypocalcemia, acute kidney injury, and arrhythmias. ï‚—We suggest the following approach:
  • 9. ï‚— In asymptomatic patients with a serum phosphate less than 2.0 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L), we give oral phosphate therapy since many of these patients have myopathy and weakness that are not clinically apparent.
  • 10. ï‚— The treatment of symptomatic patients varies with the severity of the hypophosphatemia: ï‚— We treat with oral phosphate if the serum phosphate is 1.0 to 1.9 mg/dL (0.32 to0.63 mmol/L). ï‚— We treat with intravenous phosphate if the serum phosphate is less than 1.0 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L), and switch to oral replacement when the serum phosphate exceeds 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L).
  • 11. ï‚— We stop phosphate repletion when the serum phosphate is greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL (0.64 mmol/L) unless there is an indication for chronic therapy such as persistent urinary phosphate wasting. ï‚— Oral repletion is most often achieved with a combined preparation of sodium and potassium phosphate; sodium phosphate is preferred for intravenous therapy.
  • 12. ï‚— Oral dosing ï‚— When oral dosing is used, we initiate therapy with 30 to 80 millimoles (mmol) of phosphate per day in divided doses. ï‚— Phosphate may also be supplemented with skim milk, which contains approximately 15 mmol of phosphate per 480 mL serving.
  • 13. ï‚— The following regimen is a reasonable approach : ï‚— If the serum phosphorous is greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L), 1 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (minimum of 40 mmol and a maximum of 80 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period. ï‚— If the serum phosphorous is less than 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L), 1.3 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (up to a maximum of 100 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period.
  • 14. ï‚— Severely obese patients may receive the maximal initial doses or an adjusted dose based upon their height and weight . ï‚— Patients with a reduced glomerular filtration rate should receive approximately one-half of the suggested initial dose
  • 15. serum phosphorous give greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L) 1 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (minimum of 40 mmol and a maximum of 80 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period. less than 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L) 1.3 mmol/kg of elemental phosphorous (up to a maximum of 100 mmol) can be given in three to four divided doses over a 24 hour period
  • 16. ï‚— The serum phosphate concentration should be rechecked two to twelve hours following the last of the divided doses to determine whether repeated doses are required. If so, the same approach may be reapplied. ï‚— Oral phosphate supplements (tablets and powders) contain varying ratios of sodium and potassium phosphate. Serious medication errors have occurred due to confusion among preparations and lack of uniformity of units on product labels and when ordering. ï‚— Thus, an oral phosphate supplement should be selected with consideration of its potassium and sodium content and dosed according to millimoles of phosphate. Commonly used oral phosphate supplements include 250 mg (8 mmol) of phosphate per tablet.
  • 17. ï‚— Intravenous dosing ï‚— Intravenous phosphate is potentially dangerous, since it can precipitate with calcium and produce a variety of adverse effects including hypocalcemia due to binding of calcium, renal failure due to calcium phosphate precipitation in the kidneys, and possibly fatal arrhythmias. ï‚— If intravenous therapy is necessary in patients with severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia or an inability to take oral therapy, we suggest a dose that varies depending upon the severity of the hypophosphatemia and the weight of the patient. We suggest the following regimen :
  • 18. ï‚— If the serum phosphate concentration is greater than or equal to 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L), we give 0.0 8 to 0.24 mmol/kg over six hours (up to a maximum total dose of 30 mmol). ï‚— If the serum phosphate concentration is less than 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L), we give 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/kg over 8 to 12 hours (up to a maximum total dose of 80 mmol).
  • 19. serum phosphorous give greater than or equal to 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L) we give 0.08 to 0.24 mmol/kg over six hours (up to a maximum total dose of 30 mmol). is less than 1.3 mg/dL (0.40 mmol/L) we give 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/kg over 8 to 12 hours (up to a maximum total dose of 80 mmol).