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Fire, flood, feed contamination, foot-and-mouth disease. Agricultural disasters can
come without warning. How can we be better prepared for the challenges involved
in dealing with them? By the end of this session, you will have a better
understanding of specific hazards and concerns that may arise from the perspective
of both responders and farmers. Resources designed to facilitate agricultural
emergency preparedness will be discussed. Dr. Julie Smith is a veterinarian and
proponent of preventive health management. This approach has carried over into
her interest in agricultural emergency preparedness, particularly planning to address
a highly contagious disease disaster such as foot-and-mouth disease of livestock.

Vermont Emergency Preparedness
Conference November 2011 1

Maintaining the vibrant and diverse agriculture and food businesses in Vermont is
important for food security and the economic vitality of the state. Agriculture and
food businesses are vulnerable to natural, accidental, and intentional disasters.


Food and agriculture are a significant piece of the economic engine of Vermont and
support other economic drivers such as tourism. Food processing and
manufacturing comprise the #2 manufacturing industry in the state.


There are many types of disasters. It can be helpful to focus on some key
consequences that are shared by many disasters. Loss of communications, loss of
power, loss of infrastructure, loss of income are all consequences that we are
familiar with here in Vermont.


The slides in this set include several topics not covered at the VEPC in November
2011.


Recent headlines reveal that Vermont farmers have dealt with many of the
consequences discussed earlier. A less common incident, contamination of feed,
happened in Germany earlier this year. An exercise I attended in NY last year
underscored the challenges with this type of emergency. A YouTube video clip of
cattle on the loose on campus can be viewed at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRxmIA7NRpU&eature=player_detailpage


In most incidents, ag does take care of itself. Check out this video at:
http://youtu.be/KTM-EzD4pgg


What are some concerns when ag needs a hand from local emergency services?
This slide presents a few concerns that responders have and a few concerns that
farmers would have about the same incident.


WPTZ reported on a barn fire in Walden, VT, in 2010:
http://www.wptz.com/news/23685788/detail.html


The Walden fire department did its job well, as the house, not more than 50 feet
from the barn, was saved! The report gave a nice overview of the situation but failed
to note that the disposal of the carcasses would be overseen by the Agency of
Agriculture in conjunction with the Agency of Natural Resources.


After the fire is out, a couple of other concerns may rise to the forefront. If there are
dead animals, they will need to be disposed of. If there are injured animals, they
may need to be humanely euthanized. The next slide illustrates proper methods of
the latter.


This information is available to be printed as a 2-sided card with the diagrams on
one side and table of appropriate fire power for size and species of animals on the
other. Go to:
http://vetmed.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/vdpam/Extension/Dairy/Programs/Huma
ne%20Euthanasia/Download%20Files/EuthanasiaIndexMulti.pdf


A quick scan of the accepted agricultural practices related to carcass burial reveals
that there are probably few sites where burial would meet these guidelines in the
state of Vermont given our geology and hydrology.
Mortality composting may be a more viable option, if suitable carbon materials like
wood chips and sawdust are readily available.


Local and/or state regulations apply. Consult with the appropriate authorities.


Resources �C information as well as knowledgeable and skilled people �C are
available in Vermont. Highfields Center for Composting has helpful information on
their website (http://www.highfieldscomposting.org/mortalitycomposting.htm) and
worked with the Vermont Association of Conservation Districts to produce a video
(http://www.vermontconservation.org/News/Organic-Animal-Mortality-
Composting.html).


This diagram, while not exactly to scale, can help you keep the most important
features of a properly constructed mortality compost pile in mind. The 2-foot deep
base and 2-foot deep cover should not be shortchanged!


Out of this list of potential agricultural emergencies, the only one I haven��t discussed
yet is a disease emergency.


What were once referred to as ��foreign�� animal diseases are better thought of as
transboundary or emergency diseases. The majority of new diseases identified in
the last 50 years have been zoonotic meaning they are transmissible between
animals and people. The discovery of certain highly contagious diseases of
livestock in the US would be an emergency. The ability to rapidly respond to control
and eradicate the disease is essential for the survival of our agricultural economy.


In the United Kingdom in 2001, a 7 month long outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD) affected over 2000 farms and led to the destruction of 6 million animals
(almost 5 million were sheep). The UK is only slightly larger than New England. In
the most affected part of England, Cumbria, there were 40 infected premises within
an hour��s drive. Given that Vermont has 2 of the top 50 dairy counties in the US,
Franklin and Addison, it isn��t hard to imagine how challenging it would be to deal
with such an emergency here.


Human pandemic and an animal epidemic like foot-and-mouth disease share a
number of similarities.


One or the other is often used as a ��worst case�� scenario to drive planning and
preparedness efforts. A combination of the 2 might really be the worst case. The
non-health implications of these incidents are what most people are uncomfortable
thinking about in advance.


An animal disease emergency is an example of an extreme event that is not familiar
to us. Disease control and containment efforts would likely result in the following
consequences: restrictions on the movement of animals and animal products,
logistical issues surrounding euthanasia and carcass disposal of large numbers of
large animals, threats to animal well-being and mental health of animal care-takers,
adverse effects on the environments and potentially wildlife, and public concern
including the possibility of small and large scale protest activities. If a highly
contagious animal disease were to occur anywhere in the US, how would your
business be affected? Are you prepared to handle the financial and mental impacts
an animal disease outbreak could have on your business or that of farmers in your
community?


Here are some characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease that make is worthy of
consideration for a ��worst case�� scenario to stretch all-hazards preparedness of
jurisdictions.


It is important to note the differences between the response to a ��run of the mill��
emergency on the left and a plant or animal pest or disease emergency on the right.
As an emergency overwhelms local resources in the left-hand flow diagram,
requests are made for assistance from same or higher level jurisdictions. On the
right, the diagnosis of the problem immediately bring federal authority into the
response structure. The state/federal response then needs to reach down for
assistance from local resources. This is a very unfamiliar circumstance for
traditional emergency services professionals.


This graphic illustrates an important point in disaster management. For small
emergencies, like equipment problems or an endemic disease outbreak, we
manage our own affairs for our home or business with help only from our insurance
carrier. Planning for these events includes having insurance and money set aside to
lessen the hardship. In emergencies that are larger or more challenging, we will rely
on local resources to help. Examples include life threatening situations, such as
when an ambulance is needed or local police or firefighters are called in. If the
situation is more expansive and require more resources to address it, State and
Federal authorities become part of the response and provide additional resources.
In foreign animal disease outbreaks, State and Federal responses will occur as
quickly as possible. However, if the event grows or is very large, local, State and
Federal resources are quickly expended because the demands are overwhelming
and you are back to YOYO. Surviving and recovering from the upper right YOYO
depends on being prepared both in your family and your business. Graphic
illustration by Dani Ausen, Iowa State University.


Local resources will be needed at all levels of response to an animal health
emergency such as a highly contagious ��foreign�� animal disease. Even when state
or federal emergency operation plans are activated, local resources like those listed
on the right side of this figure may be requested throughout a response.


What are key components of enhancing Vermont��s capacity to deal with an animal
disease emergency?

Communication and cooperation at many levels;


Working knowledge of authorities, policies, and applicable regulations of one��s own
agency or organization and the supporting agencies and organizations that would
be called into play;


Use of capabilities-based planning, training, and exercising;


And access to appropriate resources.


As physicist Neils Bohr said in reference to knowing the location of atomic particles .
..


Given our inability to accurately predict infrequent yet high consequence events, we
need to spend some time thinking about and preparing for worst cases.

This quote is telling. (Quoted by Gerard J. Hoetmer, Executive Director Public Entity
Risk Institute (PERI), at 2004 conference.)


The same idea, more lyrically phrased, is a good way to describe successful
emergency response. (Quote from Executive Director of Public Entity Risk Institute
(PERI) at 2004 conference.)


What are some ways that Vermont can enhance agricultural emergency
management capabilities? I have listed a few on this slide.

(SSF-11 is State Support Function 11, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
(VTDART is Vermont Disaster Animal Response Team, currently focused on pet
sheltering when people evacuate their homes)
(NESAASA, the New England States Animal Agriculture Security Alliance, is our
local analog of SAADRA, the Southern Agriculture and Animal Disaster Response
Alliance)


As an Extension faculty member, I have a number of Extension resources to
recommend to you on the topic of agricultural emergency preparedness.
ReadyAg is an assessment with links to additional resources. The Extension
Disaster Education Network has courses and information relevant to a number of
disaster topics. The Animal Agrosecurity and Emergency Management course is
very comprehensive.


S-CAP was also developed by the Extension Disaster Education Network. An S-
CAP training session was held in Vermont in May 2011. The next slide provides a
brief outline of what the course covers.


I am a certified S-CAP trainer and am willing to provide the training or parts of it
within the state, if requested.


The FDA recently released a set of pre-packaged exercises around food safety
topics.


The resources listed here are focused on animal diseases.


FBI Agent de la Cuestra has summed up the challenge with food and ag sector
protection with this quote. . .


I simply remind folks that if you eat, you have to recognize your dependence on
agriculture. On some occasions agriculture could need your support to survive. It is
my goal to enhance Vermont��s capacity to respond to an animal disease or other
agricultural emergency. If you are interested in learning more about or participating
in these efforts, please contact me at julie.m.smith@uvm.edu or 802/656-4496.
Thank you.

(Photo of sign at Roland Bauer family dairy farm, Ringwood Township, IL. Photo
courtesy of Kathy Van Wie.)


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Smith vem vepc nov 2011

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