An improved cookstove that uses less fuel and produces less smoke is described. Traditional stoves use 8 kg of firewood per day and have problems like smoke inhalation, inefficient fuel use, and deforestation. Improved stoves discussed include the Bharatlaxmi fixed single-pot stove, the smokeless chulha with a chimney, and the Laxmi two-pot stove. They use 40-50% less fuel and produce 30-80% less smoke. Adoption challenges and alternative fuels like kerosene and gas are also covered. Exercises calculate fuel cost savings from improved designs and alternative fuels.
The document discusses maize production in India and the Bundelkhand region. It provides information on the origin, botanical description, varieties, and cultivation practices of maize. Key points include:
- Maize originated in Mexico and is now one of the top cereal crops worldwide. The leading producers are USA, China, and Brazil.
- In India, maize is grown on 8.3 million hectares annually, with Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh being the top producing states.
- Recommended varieties for Bundelkhand include Prakash, Vivek-4, and Deccan 109. Hybrids are also commonly used.
- Optimal sowing time is
Beans crop diseases A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
油
This document describes the symptoms and causes of various diseases that affect bean crops. It discusses 18 different diseases including Alternaria leaf spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial wilt, Downy mildew, Powdery mildew, Chocolate spot, Black root rot, Fusarium root rot, Rust, White mold, and Bacterial brown spot. For each disease, it provides details on the symptoms caused, the causal organism such as a fungus or bacterium, and sometimes management recommendations. The diseases can cause spots, lesions, wilting or death of leaves, stems, pods and roots.
This document discusses different types of greenhouses. It classifies greenhouses based on their working principles as either passive or active. It also categorizes greenhouses by their construction cost and technology level as low, medium or high-tech. Additionally, the document describes various greenhouse types based on their structure, covering material and shape. Common structure types include wooden framed, pipe framed and truss framed. Common covering materials are glass, plastic films and rigid panels. Common greenhouse shapes mentioned are solarium, quonset, gable and connected styles.
Briquetting is the process of densifying biomass into higher density products, effectively transforming loose biomass into compact briquettes that can serve as a cleaner alternative to conventional fuels. The process addresses agricultural waste and increases calorific value, while producing uniform and low-ash fuels. Two primary technologies used for briquetting are piston-ram press and screw press, both of which involve drying and compacting biomass to create briquettes.
The document discusses planning and design considerations for greenhouses. It covers selecting a site, orientation, interior layout, structural design loads, foundations, frames, cladding materials, roof slope, and how interior components can influence the greenhouse environment. The key factors to consider for greenhouse design are the local climate conditions, structural support needs, optimizing light transmission, and minimizing shading from interior equipment.
This document presents information on a greenhouse dryer. It discusses how greenhouse dryers work on the principle of the greenhouse effect to dry materials using solar thermal energy inside a greenhouse structure. The document categorizes greenhouse dryers based on air flow, covering material, structure, and floor type. It then describes a case study of a large parabolic roof greenhouse dryer that was able to dry 300kg of chili from 75% moisture content to 15% in 3 days, compared to sun drying which only achieved 42% moisture reduction in the same time. The greenhouse dryer provided higher drying rates and quality than natural sun drying.
This document summarizes the organic cultivation of potatoes. It discusses how potatoes can be grown organically as part of a crop rotation on an organic farm. Some key challenges of organic potato cultivation include providing adequate nutrients without artificial fertilizers, preventing potato blight without synthetic fungicides, and controlling weeds without chemical herbicides. The document then provides details on variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, manuring, weed control, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage and expected yields for organic potato cultivation.
Introduction to greenhouse equipments, Materials of construction for traditio...Baban Jeet
油
The document provides an introduction to various greenhouse equipment, including lighting, ventilation, carbon dioxide systems, micro irrigation, and fertigation techniques. It outlines materials for constructing traditional and low-cost greenhouses, emphasizing the importance of selecting materials according to specific physical properties and cost. The conclusion highlights the economic benefits of protected cultivation for increasing vegetable productivity and improving food quality.
1. The document discusses sugarcane cultivation, including its botanical name, origin, economic uses, species and their characteristics.
2. It also covers preparation of land, selection and treatment of sugarcane sets, planting methods, intercultural operations like weeding and propping, and recommended varieties.
3. Fertilizer requirements are provided for different sugarcane crops, as well as irrigation needs which must be optimized according to growth stage, season and soil type.
The document discusses several important diseases that affect turmeric plants, including rhizome root rot caused by Pythium fungi, dry rot caused by Rhizoctonia batalicola, and four foliar diseases: leaf blotch caused by Taphrina maculans, Colletotrichum leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici, cercospora leaf spot, and leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. These diseases can affect turmeric plants at all stages and reduce rhizome yields considerably.
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobiumArvind Yadav
油
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
This document discusses regenerative agriculture and soil regeneration. It describes regenerative agriculture as using natural methods like composting and cover cropping to restore soil health. Soil regeneration aims to minimize loss of topsoil, retain carbon, boost biodiversity, and maintain nutrient cycling. This has benefits like carbon sequestration, reduced erosion, and increased soil resilience. The document then discusses some methods for building regenerative soil, including composting, cover crops, crop rotation, and producing biochar and vermicompost. It also describes some of Organic Origin's solutions for regenerative agriculture like their BioActiva+ fertilizer.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION AND COMBINATION OF EXTENSIONTEACHING METHODSDronak Sahu
油
This document discusses factors that influence the selection and combination of extension teaching methods. It outlines 8 key factors to consider: 1) the audience's individual differences, size, knowledge and adoption stage; 2) the teaching objective like knowledge, attitudes or skills; 3) the complexity of the subject matter; 4) the stage of extension organization; 5) the size of the extension staff; 6) available communication media; 7) the relative cost of methods; and 8) an extension worker's familiarity with methods. It also notes that using a combination of methods through repetition in different ways is most effective for influencing behavior change according to studies in the US and India.
D. Lokeshwaran's document discusses agricultural journalism. It defines agricultural journalism as gathering information related to agriculture and publishing it for farmers using print, electronic, and computer media. The document outlines the importance and scope of agricultural journalism in disseminating technologies and news to farmers. It discusses the principles of news writing like being timely, factual, and unbiased. The document also covers the different sources and types of news stories for farm publications as well as the merits and limitations of agricultural journalism.
This document summarizes information about smut of sugarcane, a major fungal disease caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. The disease causes black whip-like structures to emerge from infected sugarcane stalks containing millions of black spores. High temperatures in April-May along with dry weather and water shortage lead to increased incidence of the disease. Control measures include removing infected stalks, avoiding ratooning of crops, disinfecting seed setts with fungicides, and using resistant varieties of sugarcane.
The document discusses different types of greenhouse dryers that can be used to dry agricultural produce using solar energy. It describes tent dryers, box dryers, and solar cabinet dryers. Tent dryers are inexpensive but susceptible to damage from wind, while box dryers and cabinet dryers provide more protection but are more complex. Cabinet dryers allow direct or indirect drying and use a solar collector to warm air that is then circulated through the drying chamber over trays of produce. Greenhouse dryers provide control over drying and allow year-round utilization of greenhouse space.
The document discusses the mobile toilet initiative in Nepal, highlighting that 34% of the population, approximately 38.3 million, use mobile phones, while 62% of households have improved toilet facilities. It details various types of mobile toilets designed to improve sanitation in densely populated and low-income urban areas, emphasizing their benefits in emergency situations and potential for use as sustainable sanitation solutions. Mobile toilets aim to address the sanitation needs of urban slums and communities lacking traditional sewerage systems.
The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
3. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis, which produces white powdery growth on wheat leaves, stems, and flowers that later turns black and dries out plants.
4. Foot rot, caused by Pythium fungi in the soil
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) is an initiative launched by the Indian government aimed at providing 'housing for all' by 2022, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of India's independence. The scheme focuses on building 2 crore affordable homes equipped with basic amenities for lower-income groups and economically weaker sections, including urban poor households, ensuring equal eligibility regardless of caste or religion. PMAY is divided into three phases aimed at progressively developing total housing across various cities from 2015 to 2022.
This document provides information on cocoa cultivation. It discusses the botanical details of cocoa, including its native region and major producing areas. It then covers cocoa cultivation practices in India such as common production areas, how it is grown as an intercrop, and seedling production. The document also discusses cocoa cultivation techniques including establishment, maintenance, pollination, harvesting, and pest and disease management.
The document describes several varieties of garden pea, field pea, and french bean. For garden pea, it provides details on varieties such as Arkel, Meteor, Asauji, Bonneville, Sylvia, N.P. 29, Pusa Shree, Pusa Prabhat, Pusa Mukta, Pusa Panna, Arka Karthik, Arka Pramodh, Arka Ajit, Arka Priya, Arka Sampoorna, and more. It also provides information on field pea varieties and french bean varieties that are dwarf or bush types and climbing or pole types.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Energy Use in Agriculture Production and Processing for Sustainable DevelopmentDrSKGOYAL
油
The document discusses energy use in agriculture for sustainable development, emphasizing the significance of efficient energy consumption to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It covers various energy types, including direct and indirect energy use, trends in energy consumption, and sustainable energy options like solar, wind, and biomass. Case studies illustrate innovative solutions for integrating renewable energy in agricultural practices to boost productivity and address challenges in energy access.
This document discusses the status, scope, and processing of arecanut in India. It provides details on:
1. India's position as the world's largest producer and consumer of arecanut, with Karnataka being the top producing state.
2. The various uses and health benefits of arecanut.
3. The two main types of arecanut processing - for ripe "kottapak" and tender "kalipak" nuts. This involves harvesting at different maturity stages and methods of drying, dehusking, and preservation.
4. Key challenges in arecanut production including pests, diseases, irrigation issues, and low productivity compared to other countries.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides information about groundnut seed production. It discusses the climatic requirements, soil and land requirements, selection of varieties, land preparation, seed treatment, sowing, isolation, fertilizer application, irrigation, intercultural operations, major weeds, plant protection, harvesting, drying and storage, yield, and Indian minimum seed certification standards for groundnut. It also outlines specific field work activities conducted for groundnut seed production, including land preparation, fertilizer application, sowing, and irrigation.
Introduction to greenhouse equipments, Materials of construction for traditio...Baban Jeet
油
The document provides an introduction to various greenhouse equipment, including lighting, ventilation, carbon dioxide systems, micro irrigation, and fertigation techniques. It outlines materials for constructing traditional and low-cost greenhouses, emphasizing the importance of selecting materials according to specific physical properties and cost. The conclusion highlights the economic benefits of protected cultivation for increasing vegetable productivity and improving food quality.
1. The document discusses sugarcane cultivation, including its botanical name, origin, economic uses, species and their characteristics.
2. It also covers preparation of land, selection and treatment of sugarcane sets, planting methods, intercultural operations like weeding and propping, and recommended varieties.
3. Fertilizer requirements are provided for different sugarcane crops, as well as irrigation needs which must be optimized according to growth stage, season and soil type.
The document discusses several important diseases that affect turmeric plants, including rhizome root rot caused by Pythium fungi, dry rot caused by Rhizoctonia batalicola, and four foliar diseases: leaf blotch caused by Taphrina maculans, Colletotrichum leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici, cercospora leaf spot, and leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. These diseases can affect turmeric plants at all stages and reduce rhizome yields considerably.
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobiumArvind Yadav
油
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
This document discusses regenerative agriculture and soil regeneration. It describes regenerative agriculture as using natural methods like composting and cover cropping to restore soil health. Soil regeneration aims to minimize loss of topsoil, retain carbon, boost biodiversity, and maintain nutrient cycling. This has benefits like carbon sequestration, reduced erosion, and increased soil resilience. The document then discusses some methods for building regenerative soil, including composting, cover crops, crop rotation, and producing biochar and vermicompost. It also describes some of Organic Origin's solutions for regenerative agriculture like their BioActiva+ fertilizer.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION AND COMBINATION OF EXTENSIONTEACHING METHODSDronak Sahu
油
This document discusses factors that influence the selection and combination of extension teaching methods. It outlines 8 key factors to consider: 1) the audience's individual differences, size, knowledge and adoption stage; 2) the teaching objective like knowledge, attitudes or skills; 3) the complexity of the subject matter; 4) the stage of extension organization; 5) the size of the extension staff; 6) available communication media; 7) the relative cost of methods; and 8) an extension worker's familiarity with methods. It also notes that using a combination of methods through repetition in different ways is most effective for influencing behavior change according to studies in the US and India.
D. Lokeshwaran's document discusses agricultural journalism. It defines agricultural journalism as gathering information related to agriculture and publishing it for farmers using print, electronic, and computer media. The document outlines the importance and scope of agricultural journalism in disseminating technologies and news to farmers. It discusses the principles of news writing like being timely, factual, and unbiased. The document also covers the different sources and types of news stories for farm publications as well as the merits and limitations of agricultural journalism.
This document summarizes information about smut of sugarcane, a major fungal disease caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. The disease causes black whip-like structures to emerge from infected sugarcane stalks containing millions of black spores. High temperatures in April-May along with dry weather and water shortage lead to increased incidence of the disease. Control measures include removing infected stalks, avoiding ratooning of crops, disinfecting seed setts with fungicides, and using resistant varieties of sugarcane.
The document discusses different types of greenhouse dryers that can be used to dry agricultural produce using solar energy. It describes tent dryers, box dryers, and solar cabinet dryers. Tent dryers are inexpensive but susceptible to damage from wind, while box dryers and cabinet dryers provide more protection but are more complex. Cabinet dryers allow direct or indirect drying and use a solar collector to warm air that is then circulated through the drying chamber over trays of produce. Greenhouse dryers provide control over drying and allow year-round utilization of greenhouse space.
The document discusses the mobile toilet initiative in Nepal, highlighting that 34% of the population, approximately 38.3 million, use mobile phones, while 62% of households have improved toilet facilities. It details various types of mobile toilets designed to improve sanitation in densely populated and low-income urban areas, emphasizing their benefits in emergency situations and potential for use as sustainable sanitation solutions. Mobile toilets aim to address the sanitation needs of urban slums and communities lacking traditional sewerage systems.
The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
3. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis, which produces white powdery growth on wheat leaves, stems, and flowers that later turns black and dries out plants.
4. Foot rot, caused by Pythium fungi in the soil
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) is an initiative launched by the Indian government aimed at providing 'housing for all' by 2022, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of India's independence. The scheme focuses on building 2 crore affordable homes equipped with basic amenities for lower-income groups and economically weaker sections, including urban poor households, ensuring equal eligibility regardless of caste or religion. PMAY is divided into three phases aimed at progressively developing total housing across various cities from 2015 to 2022.
This document provides information on cocoa cultivation. It discusses the botanical details of cocoa, including its native region and major producing areas. It then covers cocoa cultivation practices in India such as common production areas, how it is grown as an intercrop, and seedling production. The document also discusses cocoa cultivation techniques including establishment, maintenance, pollination, harvesting, and pest and disease management.
The document describes several varieties of garden pea, field pea, and french bean. For garden pea, it provides details on varieties such as Arkel, Meteor, Asauji, Bonneville, Sylvia, N.P. 29, Pusa Shree, Pusa Prabhat, Pusa Mukta, Pusa Panna, Arka Karthik, Arka Pramodh, Arka Ajit, Arka Priya, Arka Sampoorna, and more. It also provides information on field pea varieties and french bean varieties that are dwarf or bush types and climbing or pole types.
Physiological disorders in plants can be caused by nutrient deficiencies or excesses, water issues, temperature fluctuations and other non-pathogenic stressors. They impact plant growth and development across all plant stages. Common physiological disorders include blossom end rot in tomatoes from calcium deficiency, hollow heart in potatoes from irregular watering, and bolting in lettuce from temperature changes. Managing disorders requires identifying their causes and implementing practices like balanced fertilization, irrigation, ventilation and growing resistant varieties. Physiological issues cannot be transmitted but can seriously impact crop yields if not properly addressed.
Energy Use in Agriculture Production and Processing for Sustainable DevelopmentDrSKGOYAL
油
The document discusses energy use in agriculture for sustainable development, emphasizing the significance of efficient energy consumption to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It covers various energy types, including direct and indirect energy use, trends in energy consumption, and sustainable energy options like solar, wind, and biomass. Case studies illustrate innovative solutions for integrating renewable energy in agricultural practices to boost productivity and address challenges in energy access.
This document discusses the status, scope, and processing of arecanut in India. It provides details on:
1. India's position as the world's largest producer and consumer of arecanut, with Karnataka being the top producing state.
2. The various uses and health benefits of arecanut.
3. The two main types of arecanut processing - for ripe "kottapak" and tender "kalipak" nuts. This involves harvesting at different maturity stages and methods of drying, dehusking, and preservation.
4. Key challenges in arecanut production including pests, diseases, irrigation issues, and low productivity compared to other countries.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides information about groundnut seed production. It discusses the climatic requirements, soil and land requirements, selection of varieties, land preparation, seed treatment, sowing, isolation, fertilizer application, irrigation, intercultural operations, major weeds, plant protection, harvesting, drying and storage, yield, and Indian minimum seed certification standards for groundnut. It also outlines specific field work activities conducted for groundnut seed production, including land preparation, fertilizer application, sowing, and irrigation.